The invention discloses a fast infiltration system used for rural sewage treatment. The system is composed of an upper layer and a lower layer, wherein a lower-layer tank body is composed of a gratingditch, an oil removal sedimentation tank, an adjusting tank and a water outlet tank, an upper-layer tank body is a fast infiltration tank, the fast infiltration system used for rural sewage treatmentis further provided with an external fan, the fast infiltration tank comprises a water collection layer and a plurality of infiltration layers from bottom to top, the water collection layer comprisesa water gathering layer, a middle bearing board and a dephosphorization layer from bottom to top in sequence, the water gathering layer is connected with a water outlet tank through a water gatheringpipe, the infiltration layers comprise bottom bearing boards, lower infiltration layers, transition layers and fast filtering layers from bottom to top in sequence, air distributing pipes are arranged on the lower infiltration layers, each air distributing pipe is connected with an air distribution header pipe, an air source is from the external fan, water distribution pipes are arranged on the fast filtering layers, and each water distribution pipe is connected with a water distribution header pipe; a reflux pump is arranged in the water outlet tank. By means of the fast infiltration systemused for rural sewage treatment, the concentration of pollutants which enter the fast infiltration tank is reduced, sewage short flows, orifice blocking and filler hardening are reduced, and maintenance workloads of workers are reduced.