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The application discloses a preparation method of a nitrate-based three-dimensional gel color change dosimeter, and comprises the following steps: dissolving a certain amount of nitrate in water to obtain a mixed solution I; adding a certain amount of a hydroxyl shielding agent to obtain a mixed solution II; adding a certain amount of a gel monomer, uniformly mixing, and heating to a certain temperature to obtain a mixed solution III; forming the gel monomer in the mixed solution III into a gel by a physical cross-linking method to obtain the gel dosimeter IV; adding a certain amount of a color developing agent to the surface of the gel dosimeter after the gel dosimeter is irradiated by high-energy rays for a certain dose, placing for 5 min to 20 min, removing the color developing agent on the surface of the gel, and thus the color change of gradually deepening color with the increase of the dose appears. The gel dosimeter can be used for detecting the treatment level of high-energy rays in clinical radiotherapy, the minimum detection limit is 0.1 Gy, the sensitivity is higher, the response speed is faster, and the gel dosimeter is more suitable for clinical radiotherapy dose detection.