The invention discloses an efficient microwave photon channelization receiving method, and relates to the technical field of microwaves and the technical field of optical communication. The method isas shown in figure 1 in the specification, and a laser, a Mach-Zehnder modulator, a dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator, a dual-polarization Mach-Zehnder modulator, a polarization controller, an erbium-doped fiber optical amplifier, a wavelength division multiplexer, a dual-polarization 90-degree optical coupler, a balance photoelectric detector, an electric 90-degree coupler and an electric band-pass filter are included. A plurality of radio frequency signals are copied through polarized orthogonal radio frequency optical combs, local oscillator optical combs and corresponding radio frequency copies are subjected to frequency mixing, the positions and intervals of the two sets of optical combs and the wavelength division multiplexer are controlled, and channelized receiving of broadbandsignals can be achieved through a mirror image suppression demodulation module. According to the invention, the problems of complex system and serious crosstalk in a photon filter bank scheme are overcome, the technical difficulty that multi-comb lines and large-interval optical combs are difficult to generate in a conventional double-optical-comb scheme is overcome, and the method has potential application value in the fields of investigation, radars and the like.