331 results about "Overmodulation" patented technology

The invention discloses a micro-grid power control method, system and device based on fuzzy modulation and a storage medium, and relates to the technical field of intelligent grid integration of a photovoltaic system and a micro-grid, and the method comprises the steps: firstly obtaining the real-time power data of a photovoltaic system, carrying out the control processing through fuzzy logic, and calculating a reference instruction; according to the reference instruction, hysteresis time is dynamically adjusted through modulation hysteresis control, and an inverter switching signal is generated; converting direct current into alternating current based on the switching signal and a power switching device, injecting the alternating current into the micro-grid, calculating active and reactive power reference values, ensuring that the system operates according to a unit power factor, and giving active power to the reference value; according to the method, the power control precision and adaptability of the micro-grid are improved, excessive switching of the inverter is avoided, loss is reduced, the service life is prolonged, power matching and stable transmission are achieved, reactive loss is reduced, bus voltage is stabilized, harmonic waves can be reduced, the electric energy quality is improved, and efficient and stable operation of the micro-grid is guaranteed.

Aspects of the present disclosure provide an over-the-air (OTA) interferometer that enables redirecting, by a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to a destination, a signal that impinges the RIS at each of a plurality of time slots, thereby modulating the signal. The RIS is virtually divided into a plurality of RIS portions. In each time slot, phase components to be applied to the plurality of RIS portions are determined based on one or more phase values. The phase values may include an underlying phase related to redirecting a source signal, an additional phase related to data that an input operatively connected to the RIS aims to transmit to the destination by modulating the signal being redirected, and / or a further phase related to interference patterns that can help extract the data phase at the destination. The destination may demodulate the received signals based on the signal strength measurements.

The invention provides an anti-interference phase estimation method suitable for MSK modulation, which belongs to the technical field of anti-interference phase estimation and comprises the following steps: S1, an interference identification and marking step which comprises a signal capturing and hopping link, an interference detection algorithm link and an interference mask generation link; s2, an interference range judgment and processing step, wherein the step comprises a whole-hop interfered processing link, a partial interference processing link, a pilot frequency sequence reconstruction link and a phase estimation and compensation link; and S3, a data integration and post-processing step, wherein the step comprises a demodulation link, a data splicing link, a de-interleaving processing link, a channel decoding link and a performance feedback link. In order to solve the problems that the coding gain of a decoder is reduced and the communication performance is influenced by a traditional method when short-time sudden interference occurs in communication, the phase can still be effectively estimated by using data which are not interfered through the characteristics of MSK modulation, so that the data which are not interfered can participate in subsequent demodulation and decoding, and the communication performance is improved. And the anti-interference capability of the system is effectively improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of power cable data communication, in particular to a power line carrier communication system peak-to-average power ratio suppression method, which comprises the following steps: carrying out structure definition on modulated frequency domain data at a sending end, constructing a complete spectrum signal, and carrying out copying based on the complete spectrum signal to respectively obtain a processing signal and an original signal; training an LSTM auto-encoder model, and inputting the processing signal to the trained LSTM auto-encoder model to optimize the bit error rate and the peak-to-average ratio loss so as to generate a peak clipping signal; splicing the peak clipping signal with the original signal to form a new sending signal; a transmit signal is converted into a time domain signal based on an inverse fast Fourier transform. The method has the effect of improving the carrier communication quality and communication efficiency of the power line.

The invention discloses a converter grid following-grid construction control mode smooth switching method suitable for wide-range source-grid state change. The method comprises the following steps: constructing a phase-locked loop control loop, a power outer loop control loop and a current inner loop control loop of a grid following type converter based on constant power control; constructing a voltage control loop, a phase control loop and a voltage and current double-closed-loop control loop of the network construction type converter based on the virtual synchronous generator VSG; calculating real-time output active power P and reactive power Q of the converter; constructing a voltage phase synchronization loop switching control loop and a current instruction tracking loop, and realizing smooth switching of dq-axis current instruction values output by a power outer loop of a following network type and a voltage outer loop of a construction network type; and the output dq-axis current instruction value is transmitted to a current inner loop to generate a final voltage signal, and a PWM wave is output to the converter through a modulation link. According to the method, a voltage phase synchronous switching compensation mechanism is adopted, a voltage amplitude and a phase signal are synchronously corrected in the mode switching process, and smooth change of an inner ring current reference signal is achieved.

The invention provides a three-phase four-wire parallel inverter system circulating current suppression method based on 3D-SVPWM (three-dimensional space vector pulse width modulation), and the method comprises the steps: changing a zero-sequence voltage difference through changing a difference value of zero-sequence duty ratios of two inverters through a 3D-SVPWM strategy, thereby suppressing the zero-sequence circulating current in the parallel inverter system, and achieving the purpose of suppressing the circulating current in the parallel inverter system. The parallel inverter system comprises a parallel inverter circuit module, a 3D-SVPWM modulation module and a closed-loop control module. According to the method, zero-sequence circulating current suppression of the three-phase four-leg parallel inverter system can be realized, the steps are simple, the system loss can be reduced, the efficiency and reliability of the parallel four-leg inverter system can be improved, the service life of the parallel four-leg inverter system can be prolonged, and a relatively good zero-sequence current suppression effect can be achieved.

The invention discloses a low-harmonic high-voltage speed regulation system based on a multi-pulse phase-shifting transformer, and particularly relates to the field of power electronic technology and motor speed regulation, which is characterized in that the primary side of the multi-pulse phase-shifting transformer is in star connection, and N groups of windings on the secondary side are in extended delta connection, so that phase difference is realized; the multi-path low-voltage alternating current is converted into multi-path low-voltage alternating current and low-order harmonics are High voltage is output through cascade H-bridge topology series connection, and reliable conversion is guaranteed through rectification filtering inversion and device redundancy design; the motor control module collects signals through multiple sensors, and PWM drive signals are generated through a vector control algorithm and coordinate transformation. The harmonic detection and compensation module detects harmonic waves based on an FFT algorithm, and injects a reverse compensation component through a modulation strategy to offset the harmonic waves; and the auxiliary protection module integrally realizes low-harmonic and high-precision high-voltage motor speed regulation through multi-dimensional monitoring and hardware protection.

The invention discloses a cooperative control method for neutral-point balance and circulation suppression of an inverter. The method comprises the following control steps: collecting three-phase current of a power grid side, and generating a three-phase bridge arm modulation signal through a grid-connected current control loop; collecting a lower half bus voltage and generating a first zero-sequence component through a neutral-point balance control loop; collecting three-phase current on the power grid side, and generating a second zero-sequence component through a circulating current suppression control loop; inputting the first zero-sequence component and the second zero-sequence component into a competition logic processing module, and generating a final zero-sequence component by using a competition mechanism based on dynamic weight distribution; and the final zero-sequence component is subjected to over-modulation processing and then superposed to a three-phase bridge arm modulation signal of a grid-connected current control loop, and then a control signal of the three-level inverter is obtained after PWM (Pulse-Width Modulation). The method has the advantages that by dynamically coordinating the midpoint balance and circulating current restraining requirements, efficient coordination of the midpoint balance and the circulating current restraining requirements can be achieved, the control complexity is reduced, and the method is suitable for low-cost industrial application scenes.

The embodiment of the invention discloses a multiplex type three-stage starting power generation controller, and relates to the technical field of aviation three-stage starting power generators. In the starting stage, an H-bridge inverter in the starting power generation controller provides single-phase alternating-current exciting current for a main exciter stator exciting winding through SPWM modulation so as to establish a pulsating magnetic field to provide exciting current for a main motor, and a three-phase full-bridge inverter provides armature current for a main motor stator armature winding through SVPWM modulation. In a power generation stage, an anti-parallel diode of the three-phase full-bridge inverter is used as a rectification circuit of the auxiliary exciter, and the H-bridge inverter adopts a PWM chopping mode to operate as an asymmetric half-bridge circuit. A power generation controller and a starting controller are integrated into a whole, and by changing the modulation mode of a hardware circuit, the control function of the three-stage starting generator at different stages can be realized by only one controller, so that the structure of the starting power generation controller is simplified, the system integration degree of the three-stage starting generator is improved, and the volume and the weight of the system are reduced.

The invention provides a flexible direct current converter valve system and a modulation method thereof. Based on a novel hybrid module series structure, target voltage modulation is carried out by controlling a switch device trigger pulse in stages through polarity distribution of modulation wave voltage and bridge arm current. And executing a four-stage pulse adjustment process in an inversion or rectification mode, and dynamically managing the removal and input time sequence of the improved half-bridge power module. According to the method, the trigger pulse is accurately regulated and controlled according to the real-time polarity and the transition state of the voltage and the current, and the problems of instantaneous overcurrent and local overheating of a switching device under the overload condition in the traditional bridge arm topology are avoided. Through staged logic control, the system maintains the stability of the modulation wave voltage, reduces the thermal stress accumulation of the device, improves the endurance capability of the converter valve under a complex working condition, does not need external current limiting intervention, and enhances the operation flexibility and reliability.

The invention discloses a photovoltaic air conditioner and a direct current component suppression method thereof, electronic equipment and a medium, and the suppression method comprises the steps: building a bus ripple detection circuit at the direct current side of a single-phase inverter, and obtaining a bus ripple sampling result; carrying out primary compensation on a direct current component, and generating a current for compensation based on the direct current bus voltage; subtracting the acquired actual grid-connected current to obtain a grid-connected current error value, compounding the grid-connected current error value with a power grid voltage feed-forward signal and a capacitance current feedback signal to generate a duty ratio signal, and driving an inverter in an SPWM (sinusoidal pulse width modulation) mode; carrying out secondary compensation on the direct current component, carrying out phase tracking on the voltage of the power grid through SOGI-PLL with FLL, and generating a phase-synchronous current modulation signal; and adding the compensation signal with the current difference to obtain a compensation signal, and adjusting the duty ratio of the inverter. According to the invention, the grid-connected direct-current component of the photovoltaic household air conditioner is effectively reduced.

A 4 frequency-shift keying (4FSK) transceiver is provided. The 4FSK transceiver includes both a 4FSK transmitter and a 4FSK receiver. The 4FSK transmitter includes a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and two data links coupled to the VCO for delivering two parallel streams of input data bits to the VCO. For each pair of parallel input data bits received from the two data links, the VCO outputs a modulated signal having one of four operating frequencies via 4FSK modulation. Separately, the 4FSK receiver includes a power divider, for dividing the multi-frequency modulated signal into two paths of two binary bit streams, and a pair of low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) separately coupled to the two paths and configured as a pair of band-pass filters for filtering two different subsets of the four operating frequencies from the two binary bit streams into two filtered binary bit streams.

An assembly and method are disclosed for generating and detecting a modulated pressure signature in a fluid transported to a subsurface injection zone. The assembly includes a pump, a pulsation dampener, and a pressure modulation device that oscillates pressure to produce a frequency-modulated signature in the fluid, resulting in an alternating current streaming potential (AC-SP) at the injection zone. The method includes recording modulated electromagnetic signals at an array of electromagnetic field receivers on a surface above the subsurface injection zone, processing the data to identify source frequency signals, and correlating these signals to image subsurface fluid or pressure distribution, enabling three-dimensional mapping of subsurface structures.

The invention discloses a chaos communication and perception integrated signal processing method and device and a communication system, and the method comprises the steps: segmenting an information bit sequence into a modulation bit sequence, an index bit sequence and a PPM bit sequence, and carrying out the processing of an initial signal vector through the combination of a pulse position modulation technology, according to the scheme, the frequency spectrum utilization rate is optimized through dual control of modulation bits and index bits, initial modulation signals are segmented according to PPM orders, signal vectors are generated, time domain offset is carried out on the signal vectors in combination with a shift matrix, the good self-correlation characteristic and the low cross-correlation characteristic of LFM signals are utilized, on the basis of an original DCSK-LFM modulation mode, the frequency spectrum utilization rate is improved, and the frequency spectrum utilization rate is improved. And in combination with pulse position modulation and index modulation, the same carrier can bear more information, so that the transmission rate when the method is applied to a JRC system and the overall performance of a communication system are improved.

The application provides a kind of FMCW laser radar signal processing method and system, method includes: the laser signal generated by laser is divided into measurement light signal and local light signal;Input measurement light signal to light modulator, modulate by modulated sine wave sweep signal;Amplify modulated measurement light signal, emit to the detection target by circulator, collimating mirror, receive reflected signal;Coupling with reflected signal, enhance the energy of signal light, carry out photoelectric signal conversion;Amplify converted electrical signal, carry out electrical mixing in mixer, output intermediate frequency signal;Low-pass filter processing is carried out to intermediate frequency signal;In signal processing system, intermediate frequency signal is converted into pulse square wave by high-speed comparator, carries out capacitance analog interpolation processing, measures intermediate frequency signal period, calculates intermediate frequency signal frequency value.The application solves the technical problem that the counting error of ±1 word leads to the period of to-be-measured intermediate frequency signal, the distance calculation precision of detection target is low.

The invention discloses a fault detection and fault-tolerant control strategy for a modular multilevel converter in an MVDC ship, and belongs to the technical field of power electronics, and the fault detection and fault-tolerant control strategy comprises the following steps: S1, carrying out capacitor voltage estimation based on a Luenberger observer; s2, performing fault detection on each sub-module by using an SM fault detection method; and S3, a balanced line voltage is obtained by injecting zero sequence voltage, so that an overmodulation phenomenon of a fault phase is avoided, and equalization control is performed on the energy of each bridge arm by adjusting circulating current. According to the fault detection and fault-tolerant control strategy of the modular multilevel converter in the MVDC ship, the fault detection process can be simplified, accurate fault diagnosis can be achieved only by setting a fixed algorithm gain coefficient, the complexity of an algorithm can be greatly simplified, the calculated amount is reduced, and the fault-tolerant operation capability is improved.

The invention relates to a non-intrusive three-level inverter phase current reconstruction method based on a fixed sampling moment, and belongs to the technical field of permanent magnet synchronous motor control. Aiming at the problems that the sampling time is not fixed, blind areas exist in a low modulation area and a sector boundary, and harmonic waves are increased due to intrusive compensation in current reconstruction of an existing three-level inverter, redundant small vectors at the starting moment and the center moment of a carrier are adopted as effective reconstruction vectors, and a single-sensor topology of a coupling phase current and a midpoint capacitance branch is designed; and a zero vector group is used for replacement in a low modulation region, so that non-intrusive fixed sampling is realized. The method covers all areas except an overmodulation area in a hexagonal space voltage vector contour, the reconstruction error is smaller than 5%, the bus utilization rate reaches 95%, a complex compensation algorithm is not needed, and harmonic and switching loss is reduced.

The invention provides an open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor predictive current control method based on hybrid pulse width modulation, and the method comprises the steps: calculating a reference voltage vector, dividing voltage vector sectors according to the reference voltage vector, and selecting a non-zero voltage vector and a zero voltage vector in each sector; according to the sector and range where the reference voltage vector is located, selecting a voltage vector which needs to be acted by the double inverters, and calculating the time when each inverter acts on the voltage vector by using a volt-second balance principle; if the action time of the selected voltage vector exceeds the control period, overmodulation processing is carried out, and the voltage vector time is redistributed; if the zero-sequence current is suppressed, the zero-sequence current and the zero-sequence voltage are suppressed by adjusting the action time of the zero-sequence voltage vector. The control performance of the open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor can be improved, and the zero-sequence current of the open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor can be suppressed.

The utility model belongs to the field of distributed optical fiber sensing, and particularly relates to a compact high-signal-to-noise-ratio dark pulse BOTDR (Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) system for engineering, which comprises a laser, and the output end of the laser is connected with a first photoelectric coupler which is used for dividing light emitted by the laser into upper light and lower light. The dark pulse modulation system module is arranged, descending pump light is equivalent to a dark pulse through modulation, a computer controls dark pulse time slots so as to change pump pulse characteristics, a corresponding demodulation method is adopted in rear-end data processing, Brillouin frequency shift along a sensing optical fiber is obtained, and the Brillouin frequency shift is converted into Brillouin frequency shift along the sensing optical fiber. The lower limit of the spatial resolution of the method is equal to the fall time of the modulation system, and the spatial resolution can be greatly improved under the condition of improving the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, due to narrow pulse width and low energy of the traditional bright pulse, an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is generally needed for signal amplification. Dark pulses are close to continuous light in most cases, and EDFA is not needed, so that the system design is simplified, and the cost is reduced.

A control system for an electric motor of an electrified vehicle includes an inverter of the electrified vehicle, the inverter comprising a set of switches and being configured to receive three pulse-width modulation (PWM) signals and to control the set of switches to generate an alternating current (AC) output voltage from a direct current (DC) link voltage provided by a battery system of the electrified vehicle, and a control system configured to determine a torque command for the electric motor, determine commanded d-axis and q-axis voltages based on the torque command, generate a trapezoidal wave modulating signal for carrier-based PWM based on the commanded d-axis and q-axis voltages, generate the three PWM signals by performing carrier-based PWM using the trapezoidal wave modulating signal, and control the electric motor using the AC output voltage generated by the inverter.

The invention provides a high and low voltage ride-through control method and device of an inverter, a controller and a photovoltaic system. The method comprises the following steps: judging whether a power grid recovers from a high-low voltage ride-through state or not; if it is monitored that the power grid recovers from the high-low voltage ride-through state, determining a reactive power compensation value based on the voltage change of the power grid in the high-low voltage ride-through state; obtaining a reactive power given value of the inverter; compensating the reactive power given value by adopting the reactive power compensation value to obtain a compensated reactive power given value, and generating a switch control quantity by adopting the compensated reactive power given value; the switch control quantity is used for generating a pulse signal for controlling the inverter after modulation. According to the method, the reactive response speed can be increased when the power grid is recovered by directly adjusting the reactive power given value, and the reactive loop parameters do not need to be changed, so that the stability of the system is ensured.

The application belongs to the technical field of power electronic control, and particularly relates to a kind of energy storage converter parallel control method and system.The method comprises: after Clark transformation, Park transformation of three-phase voltage signal and three-phase current signal output by inverter, active power and reactive power are calculated;Reference value of voltage loop and current loop is calculated, and prediction value is superimposed on current loop to obtain direct axis front end voltage and cross axis front end voltage, and then direct axis voltage and cross axis voltage are calculated;Direct axis voltage and cross axis voltage are subjected to SPWM modulation, and inverter bridge arm switch tube is driven to turn on and off to control inverter output.The prediction value superimposed in the application can quickly compensate the reference value required by current loop when load mutates, and then maintain the stability of voltage.

The invention discloses a modulation pulse width generation circuit for an electromagnetic resonance high-frequency fatigue testing machine, and relates to the field of material fatigue tests. The circuit comprises a load sensor, a signal conditioning unit, a summing amplifier, a polarity detection circuit, a peak detection circuit, a sampling level unit, a ramp generator, a modulation square wave circuit, a delay synchronization unit and a modulation pulse width output unit. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a force value borne by a metal material in an electromagnetic resonance high-frequency fatigue testing machine through a load sensor; through amplification and filtering of the signal conditioning unit, comparison of the summing amplifier, polarity judgment of the polarity detection circuit, peak detection of the peak detection circuit, sampling of the sampling level unit, oblique wave processing of the oblique wave generator, modulation of the modulation square wave circuit, and filtering and shaping of the delay synchronization unit, the delay synchronization unit can be used to carry out synchronization. Finally, modulation pulse width is generated through the modulation pulse width output unit. The real-time performance, the stability and the response speed of excitation of the electromagnetic resonance high-frequency fatigue testing machine can be improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of multimode interference, and provides a central wavelength tunable multimode interference device which comprises an input waveguide region, a multimode interference region and an output waveguide region which are connected in sequence, the multimode interference region comprises a core layer, the core layer is made of a high-refractive-index material, and the output waveguide region is made of a high-refractive-index material. And a modulation electrode structure for modulating the refractive index of the core layer is arranged on the multimode interference region. The invention further provides a manufacturing method of the multimode interference device with the tunable central wavelength and a coherent modulator. Refractive index modulation is carried out on the core layer of the multi-mode interference area through the modulation electrode structure, in the multi-mode interference area, the effective refractive index directly determines the self-mapping point positions of different wavelengths, therefore, the effect of tunable central wavelength can be achieved through refractive index modulation, and through selection of different bias voltages, the tunable wavelength of the multi-mode interference area can be achieved. And the output effect of the optical power in the output waveguide is tuned.

An oxidation corrosion product thickness on-line measurement method based on a photoacoustic effect comprises the following steps: modulating laser with a specific frequency to irradiate on the CRUD surface of a fuel cladding, monitoring an acoustic wave signal emitted by the CRUD surface by using a piezoelectric sensor, and establishing an on-line conversion model of the acoustic wave signal and the CRUD thickness so as to obtain visual thickness real-time data. On the condition that the original environment of the CRUD is not damaged, online in-situ measurement is carried out on the thickness of the CRUD, and it is ensured that the real thickness of the CRUD in the growth environment can be accurately reflected by measurement data. Through the method, the dynamic growth behavior characteristics of the CRUD thickness can be obtained, so that more accurate monitoring and guidance are provided for safe operation and fuel management of a reactor.

The invention discloses a boost converter and a transient response circuit and a control method thereof, and relates to the technical field of switching power supplies, and the boost converter comprises a voltage detection circuit and a control circuit. The circuit comprises a voltage detection circuit and a control circuit, and the voltage detection circuit can monitor abnormal drop or overshoot of the output voltage in real time and immediately generate a level signal. The control circuit responds to the signal and provides a'lead 'or'lag' correction value for the feedback control circuit by modulating the reference voltage, so that the response delay of the system is effectively compressed, and the recovery process of the output voltage is accelerated. On the premise that the original bandwidth and phase margin of a main loop are not changed, the transient response speed is increased, the recovery process of a system is accelerated, and the contradiction that stability and fast transient response cannot be considered at the same time due to zero point limitation of a right half plane of a traditional boost converter is solved.

The application discloses a modulation and control method for improving short-time overload capacity of an ANPC topology. In view of the problem that the overload capacity improvement method of the existing grid-connected converter of the ANPC topology is high in cost and poor in universality, the application actively reduces the switching frequency, an operating parameter, at the software algorithm level, effectively reduces the output loss of the grid-connected converter in the overload operating state, and effectively improves the short-time overload operating capacity of the grid-connected converter by switching the modulation mode to effectively uniformly distribute the switching loss of each device without substantially increasing the cost and performance of the grid-connected converter.

The application discloses an online measurement method for the thickness of oxidation corrosion products based on the photoacoustic effect, which comprises the following steps: modulating laser irradiation of a specific frequency on the CRUD surface of a fuel cladding, monitoring the sound wave signals emitted by the CRUD surface by using a piezoelectric sensor, and establishing an online conversion model of the sound wave signals and the CRUD thickness, so that intuitive real-time thickness data can be obtained. The thickness of the CRUD is measured online and in situ without destroying the original environment of the CRUD, so that the measurement data can accurately reflect the real thickness of the CRUD in the growth environment. Through the method, the dynamic growth behavior characteristics of the CRUD thickness can be obtained, so that more accurate monitoring and guidance can be provided for the safe operation and fuel management of a reactor.

To provide a motor drive method capable of improving a maximum output of a motor even if a dead time is secured by driving a three-phase DC brushless motor by overmodulation PWM control with a modulation factor in a predetermined range exceeding 100% in a sensor-less manner.SOLUTION: A control circuit 4 outputs a pulse signal having a duty ratio of 0% to an inverter circuit 2 when a predetermined minimum value is input as a modulation signal, outputs a pulse signal having a duty ratio of 100% to the inverter circuit 2 when a predetermined maximum value is input as the modulation signal, and outputs a pulse signal having a duty ratio of 100% to the inverter circuit 2 when an overmodulation signal having a maximum modulation degree, which is a ratio of a maximum value of the modulation signal relative to the predetermined maximum value, larger than 100% is input as the modulation signal and an overmodulation state occurs in which an instantaneous value of the modulation signal becomes larger than the predetermined maximum value.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 30

Modulation circuit (10) for a radio element, comprising: a voltage supply (12) having at least one cross-regulator (14) configured to provide a regulated control voltage; at least one modulation transistor (16M3 and 16M4); at least one antenna terminal (ANTP and ANTN), wherein the modulation transistor (16M3 and 16M4) is connected to the at least one antenna terminal (ANTP and ANTN); wherein the at least one modulation transistor (16M3 and 16M4) is controlled by a modulator (17, 17') by means of a modulation voltage, wherein the modulation voltage is a voltage derived from the regulated voltage.