50 results about "Triangular grid" patented technology

The utility model discloses a silicon capacitor electrode structure and a silicon capacitor, which can further improve the capacitance of a capacitor in a limited space by nesting, combining and arranging a plurality of groups of element arrays distributed in a triangular grid mode more reasonably and precisely, so that the capacitor can store more charges.

The invention relates to the technical field of intelligent power transmission and distribution line emergency lighting and unmanned aerial vehicle dynamic deployment optimization, and discloses a power transmission and distribution line emergency repair lighting system and method based on wireless networking unmanned aerial vehicle lighting. Establishing a two-dimensional coordinate and an equilateral triangle mesh, and taking a center coordinate; setting the upper limit and height of the unmanned aerial vehicle, establishing an illumination cone, obtaining a light spot radius according to an opening angle, and comparing a grid distance with the radius to judge that irradiation can be performed; the illuminance is accumulated and compared with a threshold value to reach the standard; taking a substandard proportion as a target and setting an overlapping proportion and a safety center distance as constraints; assuming the candidate points one by one, deploying the maximum gain, heightening or adjusting the angle of the gap area and rechecking the constraint; calculating a link threshold according to field parameters to construct an ad hoc network, and selecting a relay to recover disconnection; performing balanced scheduling by using the average deviation and the neighborhood positive gap after the global standard is reached; and finally activating the recording parameters and summarizing the situation map.

The application discloses an aircraft grid generation method and device based on conformal mapping and topological segmentation, equipment and a storage medium, relates to the technical field of computational fluid dynamics, and comprises the following steps: generating a surface unstructured grid according to an aircraft model, conformally mapping the surface unstructured grid to a parameter domain plane grid through Ricci flow, and calculating the compression rate of the parameter domain plane grid; if the compression rate is less than a first threshold value, extracting an isoline corresponding to a second threshold value; locating a triangular grid corresponding to an isoline discrete point in the parameter domain plane grid by using a spatial partition algorithm, inserting the discrete point into the grid according to the vertex distance and edge distance relationship, forming a closed internal boundary through a one-dimensional boundary recovery operation, and determining a corresponding region; inversely mapping the region back to a three-dimensional surface, updating the surface grid, and repeating the mapping and judging steps until the compression rate meets the requirement, and setting the parameter domain plane grid as a target aircraft grid, so that the efficiency of generating the aircraft grid is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of urban flood simulation, in particular to an urban flood simulation method based on a physical information neural network and multi-GPU calculation. The method comprises the following steps that a computational domain in urban flood simulation is divided into triangular grids, a data matrix is established, a solving process is divided into reconstruction calculation, flux calculation, bottom slope and friction source item calculation and flux updating, and then a two-dimensional shallow water equation finite volume solving process is constructed; a physical information neural network is used for replacing a numerical calculation step in a finite volume solving process of a two-dimensional shallow water equation, a simulation prediction model is obtained through training of the physical information neural network, and the simulation prediction model is used for rapid calculation of a surface runoff process; simulation coupling is carried out on the urban pipe network drainage process and the surface runoff process in urban flood simulation, and a drainage calculation model is constructed. According to the invention, rapid, stable and extensible simulation of large-scale urban flood is realized through an urban flood simulation technology.

This invention relates to the field of orchard navigation technology, specifically a 3D method for orchard operations based on a grid map. The method includes: constructing an orchard point cloud map using a mapping algorithm; filtering the acquired 3D point cloud map and constructing a triangular grid map of the orchard, embedding the orchard's GPS information into the triangular grid map; based on the triangular grid map with GPS information, performing ICP registration between the point cloud data scanned by the LiDAR and the points on the triangular grid map using the RMCL 3D positioning algorithm, outputting the 3D pose of the operation robot in the orchard; updating the 3D pose of the operation robot in the orchard using GNSS information; planning the navigation path of the operation robot using grid navigation based on the GPS information of the target point; and controlling the operation robot to dynamically avoid obstacles and navigate to the target point. This invention enables precise positioning and autonomous navigation of the operation robot in hilly orchards, allowing it to complete tasks such as orchard inspection, plant protection, harvesting, and transportation.

The invention belongs to the field of earthquake and stress distribution calculation, and particularly relates to an earthquake deformation and stress distribution calculation method and system based on a Green function. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a triangular mesh and a to-be-measured point of a fault; constructing an earth fixed coordinate system, a triangular dislocation coordinate system and an angular dislocation coordinate system based on the triangular mesh of the fault; determining a transformation matrix to obtain a coordinate system; calculating interior angles of three vertexes of the triangular mesh in the coordinate system and corresponding supplementary angles, selecting equivalent configuration based on the supplementary angles, calculating barycentric coordinates of orthogonal projection of the to-be-measured point on the triangular dislocation plane, and selecting configuration based on a partition inequality of the barycentric coordinates; according to configuration, a Burgers function is obtained through calculation by using a solid angle formula, incomplete displacement contributions of all angular dislocations are superposed, and a complete displacement field containing slip continuity correction is obtained; a stress field is calculated based on a complete displacement field or through a Green function of strain. And the seismic deformation and stress distribution calculation performance is obviously improved.

The invention provides an electromagnetic scattering modeling method based on a learnable primary function, and relates to the technical field of radar detection and remote sensing imaging, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the parameter analysis of a discrete triangular mesh on the surface of an electromagnetic scattering three-dimensional conductor target, and obtaining an initial feature set composed of mesh edge features, surface patch geometric features and geometric and incident parameters; based on the learnable basis function, constructing a current prediction model by using the local branch layer, the global branch layer and the feature fusion layer; based on a residual error loss function, training a current prediction model by using the initial feature set to obtain a trained current prediction model, and completing electromagnetic scattering modeling; the trained current prediction model is used for analyzing the discrete triangular mesh to obtain a plurality of induced current distribution of each patch. The electromagnetic scattering modeling method solves the problems that an existing electromagnetic scattering modeling method depends on specific physical approximation and is high in calculation complexity.

The application discloses a gradient coil design method and device, electronic equipment and a storage medium, applied to the technical field of superconducting magnetic resonance imaging systems, in order to solve the problems of large coil inductance and decreased magnetic field climbing rate, the gradient coil is an axisymmetric gradient coil, the method can obtain a triangular grid corresponding to the skeleton surface by discretizing the skeleton surface to be wired, then further performs flow function calculation according to the triangular grid, determines the corresponding initial flow function distribution, minimizes the flow function extreme value as a first objective function, and combines the first preset boundary condition to perform first nonlinear programming on the initial flow function distribution to obtain a new flow function distribution; and the parameter information of the gradient coil is determined according to the new flow function distribution. In the application, the flow function extreme value is taken as the first objective function, the flow function distribution is optimized, the inductance is minimized, the linearity of the gradient magnetic field is improved, and the demand of the fast imaging scene is better met.

A radar cover uniform variable thickness inner surface modeling method based on finite element grid thickness mapping, comprising: obtaining the thickness-coordinate discrete point set of the radar cover outer shape surface and at least two main sections; fitting to obtain the thickness distribution function of each main section; performing finite element triangular grid division on the outer shape surface to obtain the center point coordinates and normal vector of each unit; according to the center point spatial coordinates and the thickness distribution function, interpolating to calculate the design thickness value of the point; offsetting the design thickness value along the unit normal direction to generate the three-dimensional point cloud corresponding to the inner surface; and finally reconstructing the continuous and smooth inner surface curve through reverse engineering. The present application ensures that the actual wall thickness is highly consistent with the design thickness through three-dimensional normal offset, avoiding the normal error of the traditional two-dimensional section method; based on the point cloud reverse reconstruction, the G1 / G2 continuous high-quality inner surface can be obtained, significantly improving the modeling accuracy and efficiency, and being suitable for the digital modeling of various complex variable thickness radar covers.

The application discloses a cross-scale large-scale electromagnetic surface grid generation method with periodic fine features, comprising the following steps: reading a cross-scale electromagnetic geometric model with periodic fine features, setting a replication direction and a number; setting a periodic boundary condition of the electromagnetic geometric model, determining a source surface and a target surface of the replication direction, extracting a boundary line, and establishing a mapping relationship between the source surface, the target surface and the boundary line; discretizing the electromagnetic geometric model to generate a discrete background triangular grid; generating a size field of the overall geometry according to the periodic fine features and the cross-scale features of the electromagnetic geometric model; generating and merging surface grids of the source surface, the target surface and the remaining surfaces according to the discrete background triangular grid and the size field and the mapping relationship; and batch replicating and merging the surface grids according to the replication direction and the number to generate a cross-scale large-scale electromagnetic surface grid with periodic fine features.

The application discloses a kind of based on neural shader's fast reconstruction textured three-dimensional model method, comprising the following steps: step S1, a group of images are photographed at different angles around the object to be reconstructed, and the foreground image, camera pose and internal parameter are obtained by pre-processing image as training data, step S2, establish initial triangular grid, step S3, establish differentiable renderer, it contains rasterization and neural shader two parts vertex and texture of the model of the application are divided into two optimizers, model is successively differentiable rasterization and differentiable neural shader, obtain rendering chart, calculate loss with original chart and back propagation, compared with the ray step of implicit function of other reconstruction methods, the time of rasterization is significantly shorter, since the application of neural shader, the model obtained can be used to paste texture with trained neural shader, so that fast reconstruction textured three-dimensional model is realized.

The application provides a three-dimensional complex fault model construction method based on deduction and related equipment, including: determining fault data of a target area, and extracting and analyzing the fault data to determine attribute data, planar fault discrete points and profile elevation data; determining a first fault throw and a discrete point throw change type, and determining hanging wall discrete point coordinates and footwall discrete point coordinates according to the first fault throw and the discrete point throw change type; determining a stratigraphic layer spacing, determining a second fault throw change range and a second fault throw according to the stratigraphic layer spacing and the first fault throw; prioritizing the faults, determining a priority order, and performing intersection deduction according to the priority order to determine a first stratigraphic model; performing intersection deduction on the faults and special geological structures to determine a second stratigraphic model; encrypting the discrete points of each fault in the stratigraphic model to determine a discrete point set, and performing Delaunay triangular grid subdivision on the discrete points to generate a fault surface model.

This invention discloses a GPU-based method, device, and medium for rapid 3D orebody inversion, relating to the field of 3D orebody inversion technology. The method includes importing multi-source exploration data, generating observation data in a unified coordinate system, establishing a 3D voxel grid, and acquiring a data acquisition configuration package; performing multiphysics forward modeling to generate normalized prediction vectors and normalized residual vectors, establishing the forward and transpose interfaces of sensitivity operators, constructing update direction vectors, and generating a pre-projection parameter field; sequentially performing box-constrained projection, total variation projection, and wavelet sparse projection on the pre-projection parameter field to obtain a sparse parameter field and generate the final parameter field; generating a 3D grade voxel array, calculating grade segmentation thresholds, extracting the orebody connected body set, generating a orebody triangular grid and an orebody existence probability voxel array, and acquiring a digital twin base data package. This method shortens computation time, reduces storage pressure, and improves the accuracy and practicality of the inversion.

The invention relates to the technical field of satellite navigation, in particular to a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) suppressing interference coverage rate evaluation method and system based on an irregular triangular grid, and the method comprises the steps: dividing a to-be-evaluated region into a determined region, a fuzzy region and a non-important region according to a maximum interference distance; selecting key feature points from the digital terrain surface model of the to-be-analyzed area by using a high-pass filter, and constructing an irregular triangular grid; judging an area to which each grid point in the triangular grid belongs, taking a GNSS interference source erection point as a starting point, carrying out visual field analysis on the to-be-evaluated area, adjusting the importance of each grid point through an interference scale factor, and updating the irregular triangular grid; and sampling the grid points, determining the disturbed state of each grid point, calculating the area of the grid points in the disturbed state, and obtaining the GNSS suppression interference coverage rate of the to-be-evaluated region based on the area of the grid points in the disturbed state and the area of the to-be-evaluated region. According to the method, the evaluation efficiency and the accuracy can be well balanced.

The invention discloses a water body rendering method, system and device for a reservoir and a medium, and the method is characterized in that the method comprises the steps: obtaining the ground height and initial water surface depth of each grid unit in a simulation domain grid of the reservoir; determining a water surface height difference value corresponding to each grid unit on the basis of the ground height and the initial water surface depth, determining an adjacent height difference value between each grid unit and a plurality of adjacent grid units on the basis of each water surface height difference value, and determining a water surface height difference value between each grid unit and the plurality of adjacent grid units on the basis of the adjacent height difference value and a preset pipeline parameter, according to the initial water surface depth, calculating to obtain water flow flux, obtaining a water body volume variation corresponding to each grid unit in a preset time period based on the water flow flux, calculating to obtain an update value based on the water body volume variation, and determining a target water surface depth based on the update value and the initial water surface depth; and rendering the target water surface depth to the surface of the triangular mesh to obtain a water body rendering result of the reservoir. According to the method and the device, rapid water body rendering can be realized at the Web end.

The invention provides a three-dimensional model construction method and system for topographic survey, and belongs to the technical field of model construction, and the method comprises the steps: segmenting a satellite image of a target survey region based on the topographic complexity, and obtaining a complex topographic region and an open topographic region; acquiring laser scanning data of the complex terrain area and low-altitude image data of the open terrain area; performing data fusion on the laser scanning data and the low-altitude image data to obtain a target data set corresponding to the target survey area; constructing a regular grid model corresponding to the target survey area based on the target data set; constructing an irregular triangular grid model corresponding to the target surveying area based on the laser scanning data; and fusing the regular grid model and the irregular triangular grid model to obtain a three-dimensional model of the target surveying area. According to the three-dimensional model construction method and system for topographic survey provided by the invention, the modeling precision can be improved.

This invention discloses a GPU-based method, device, and medium for rapid 3D orebody inversion, relating to the field of 3D orebody inversion technology. The method includes importing multi-source exploration data, generating observation data in a unified coordinate system, establishing a 3D voxel grid, and obtaining a data acquisition configuration package; performing multiphysics forward modeling to generate normalized prediction vectors and normalized residual vectors, establishing the forward and transpose interfaces of the sensitivity operator, constructing update direction vectors, and generating a pre-projection parameter field; sequentially performing box-constrained projection, total variation projection, and wavelet sparse projection on the pre-projection parameter field to obtain a sparse parameter field and generate the final parameter field; generating a 3D grade voxel array, calculating the grade segmentation threshold, extracting the orebody connected body set, generating a orebody triangular grid and an orebody existence probability voxel array, and obtaining a digital twin base data package. This method shortens computation time, reduces storage pressure, and improves the accuracy and practicality of the inversion.

The invention discloses a curved surface flattening method and system for inhibiting size distortion of a specific area, a medium, equipment and a product in the technical field of computer graphics. The method comprises the following steps: rasterizing a narrow-band region A of a curved surface p1 to obtain 2 (k-1) triangular grids; fitting a space curve S1 according to the centroid coordinate points of all the triangular grids, uniformly sampling N points on the space curve S1, and vertically projecting each point to the triangular grid closest to the point as a projection point of the triangular grid; traversing all the triangular grids, and obtaining a mapping point set of the triangular grids according to projection points, closest to the specified end of the narrow-band region A, on the triangular grids; and sequentially rotating each triangular grid and the mapping point set thereof as a whole by utilizing a spatial transformation method under the condition of keeping the common edge and the common vertex of every two adjacent triangular grids coincide, keeping the normal vector directions of all the triangular grids after rotation to be the same, and completing curved surface flattening.

The application discloses a kind of degenerative farmland soil organic matter three-dimensional mapping methods of fusing remote sensing, near-ground sensing and historical data, it is related to digital soil mapping technical field, the method is based on INLA-SPDE three-dimensional model framework, fusing remote sensing, near-ground sensing and historical data realizes high-precision three-dimensional mapping, steps are as follows: collecting soil profile different depth organic matter data and near-sensing visible near-infrared reflectance spectrum data in each sampling point of study area, then screening and organic matter significantly related visible near-infrared reflectance spectrum characteristic band, collect and integrate historical data, and complete standardization processing to remote sensing, near-ground sensing data;Divide modeling set and verification set, determine the triangular grid parameter based on semi-variogram and construct SPDE model;Near-sensing, remote sensing data are used as covariant and are incorporated into INLA-SPDE three-dimensional model, generate soil organic matter three-dimensional spatial distribution map after model fitting and quantify uncertainty.The application overcomes the problem that traditional method cannot accurately simulate the vertical variation of soil properties, realizes the high-precision, high-efficiency three-dimensional mapping of regional scale soil organic matter in horizontal and vertical dimensions.

The application discloses a three-dimensional marine heat wave continuum construction algorithm based on a non-structured grid regional ocean model, relates to the technical field of marine heat wave identification, and is used for solving the problem that the existing method cannot construct a three-dimensional marine heat wave continuum in a non-structured grid. The method comprises the following steps: S1, defining a local neighborhood; S2, marine heat wave determination in the neighborhood; determining whether more than half of the grid nodes in the neighborhood of the target node have occurred marine heat wave; when the grid node is close to the surface or bottom boundary of the neighborhood, the window is adaptively adjusted to maintain a fixed number of layers; S3, spatial connection of the marine heat wave. The application proposes an adaptive neighborhood search method, dynamically determines the neighborhood range for different grid nodes according to the uneven spatial distribution characteristics of the non-structured triangular grid, so that the spatial correlation of the temperature is considered in the identification process, and the originally discrete marine heat wave spatial distribution forms a continuous three-dimensional structure.

The invention discloses a double-reflector antenna electromechanical coupling rapid analysis method and system, and aims to reconstruct a physical optical integral expression. Dispersing the reflecting surface into triangular grids, and performing linear fitting on amplitude and phase functions in each grid; an equivalent wave number / wavelength concept is introduced, a phase fitting error is analyzed, a differentiated grid processing strategy is put forward, a closed expression for calculating a far-field directional diagram is deduced through affine transformation and partial integration, and numerical integration is replaced by analytical calculation; and converting the structural deformation into an additional phase error, and integrating the additional phase error into a rapid calculation framework. The method breaks through the limitation of the traditional electromagnetic analysis on the grid size, greatly improves the electromechanical coupling analysis speed on the premise of guaranteeing the precision, and provides an efficient tool for the design and profile compensation of a high-frequency-band antenna.

The invention discloses a splicable dual-oblique polarization metal Vivaldi antenna array structure. The splicable dual-oblique polarization metal Vivaldi antenna array structure comprises a metal mounting plate, antenna units, SSMP fuzz button radio frequency connectors, positioning pins and sunk screws. The antenna unit is of an all-metal integrally-formed structure and comprises four radiation arms, an electric connector and a base, every two radiation arms are perpendicular to each other, the radiation arms are projected in an X shape in an overhead view, and the radiation arms and the base form an oblique angle of 45 degrees. And the antenna units in the array are staggered at + / -45 degrees to form a dual-oblique polarization triangular grid layout. The front surface of the metal mounting plate is provided with a sunken step which is embedded with a convex step at the back of the base, is positioned through a positioning pin and is fixed through a sunk screw. The SSMP fuzz button radio frequency connector is screwed in from a feed port on the back of the mounting plate, and an elastic fuzz button of the SSMP fuzz button radio frequency connector is contacted and extruded with a rectangular resonant cavity at the bottom of the radiation arm to realize welding-spot-free feed. According to the invention, the array integration level, the structural stability and the high-frequency signal transmission efficiency are improved, and the antenna is suitable for a large-scale extensible antenna system.

The invention belongs to the technical field of three-dimensional geometric modeling and electromagnetic simulation, and particularly relates to a composite target integrated grid modeling method for electromagnetic simulation. The specific process is as follows: detecting and extracting intersection points of an intersected triangular mesh of a target mesh model and a background mesh model to obtain an intersection point set, and adopting polar angle sorting and sequentially connecting adjacent intersection points to form an ordered closed contour; eliminating grids which intersect with the target grid model and are located in a closed area defined by intersecting lines in the background grid model, and generating a supplementary triangular patch based on an intersection point set to seal holes formed in the background grid model after elimination; constructing a shielding curved surface by using the intersection point set, eliminating triangles located below the shielding curved surface in the target grid, and generating supplementary triangular patches by using the intersection point set to seal holes formed in the target grid model after elimination; and combining the processed target grid model and the background grid model to realize composite target integrated grid modeling.

The invention discloses a marine plastic garbage transportation tracking method. The method comprises the steps that a hydrodynamic model is constructed, wherein an FVCOM model of an unstructured triangular mesh is adopted as the hydrodynamic model; on the basis of the FVCOM model, coupling a garbage transportation model, and realizing garbage source path backtracking by reversely reading a flow velocity field output by a hydrodynamic model; the method comprises the following steps: delimiting an ocean area, collecting multiple types of data including tide, weather and runoff in the area, obtaining the initial position and monthly discharge amount of garbage in the area, and setting, operating and verifying a model to obtain a garbage transportation tracking model; and performing simulation tracking on the specified area based on the garbage transportation tracking model. According to the method, the simulation precision of garbage transportation in complex sea areas is improved, a reverse tracking technology is introduced, garbage sources can be effectively traced, and scientific support is provided for marine pollution abatement and policy making.

A radiating element including: Higher order Floquet Structure (HOFS) layers comprising a top PCB metal layer, a mid PCB metal layer, and a low PCB metal layer; component layers comprising electronics to connect to the HOFS layers; and a unit cell constructively defined by the HOFS layers, wherein the unit cell is capable of operating as a transceiver, the unit cell has an operating range of 10.7 GHz to 14.5 GHz, and an area of the unit cell is 0.3125λ2.

The application relates to a method for arranging spherical pixel units in real pixel triangular shapes and a display device, which comprises the following steps: a spherical surface of an LED spherical screen is subdivided into a plurality of trapezoidal lamp panels, and adjacent trapezoidal lamp panels are spliced according to longitude division lines; LED pixel lamps on the trapezoidal lamp panels are arranged in triangular shapes, every three adjacent LED pixel lamps form a triangular grid structure, and every LED pixel lamp is surrounded by six surrounding LED pixel lamps to form a hexagonal grid structure; based on the triangular grid structure, the LED pixel lamps are arranged in each trapezoidal lamp panel; boundary design is performed on pixel rows of the trapezoidal lamp panels close to the longitude division lines, and the overall pixel grid at the junction is kept in a regular triangular, hexagonal or pentagonal grid structure; when the width of the trapezoidal lamp panel is insufficient to accommodate a complete row of LED pixel lamps, the number of LED pixel lamps in the row is reduced, the row with reduced lamp beads and the row without reduced lamp beads keep a staggered relationship, and the pixel density is smoothly and gradually transitioned.

The application discloses a kind of small celestial body overall stress analysis method, comprising the following steps: (1) for small celestial body, its boundary is, a spherical surface is set to its complete encirclement outside small celestial body, the three-dimensional space surrounded by spherical surface is recorded as;(2) the spherical surface is discretized, generates triangular grid, the area and unit normal vector of each triangle element are calculated, and are recorded as and;(3) the gravity vector of triangle element center is obtained, and is recorded as;(4) is substituted into formula (), and the resultant force that small celestial body is received is calculated.

This invention discloses an adaptive matching method between a BIM model and 3D terrain, belonging to the field of 3D scene construction and model matching technology. The method includes: constructing spatial indices for the terrain layer and the BIM model layer respectively; utilizing the cross-sectional coverage characteristics of the finest level of 3D terrain LOD, extracting the terrain polygon cross-section of the BIM model coverage area through a single intersection operation; quickly retrieving vertices of triangular grids at each level based on the spatial grid index; performing perpendicular intersection operations on the triangular grid vertices and the BIM model, simultaneously completing intersection point extraction and projection area ratio calculation; determining the correction object according to the area dominance rule: when the terrain projection area ratio is larger, reconstructing the terrain triangular grid; when the BIM model projection area ratio is larger, dispersing, extending, and aggregating the BIM model to restore it, thus achieving adaptive matching between the BIM model and the 3D terrain. This invention has high matching efficiency and strong versatility, and is applicable to fields such as digital twin cities, engineering design, and virtual simulation.

The invention discloses a method and device for carrying out area search in a two-dimensional engineering drawing, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining the two-dimensional engineering drawing, carrying out the discretization of lines in the two-dimensional engineering drawing, and obtaining a point set composed of discrete points and a line segment set composed of straight line segments formed by the adjacent discrete points; based on all the discrete points, constraining all the straight line segments as edges of triangles, and performing constraint triangularization processing to generate a triangular grid composed of a plurality of triangles; selecting a seed triangle from the triangular grid, starting from the seed triangle, performing region search on the adjacent triangle, and setting the edge of the triangle corresponding to the straight line segment in the line segment set as a termination boundary for terminating the region search; and determining a closed area formed by a plurality of triangles based on the area search result, and setting the boundary of the closed area as a contour line used for representing the target engineering object in the two-dimensional engineering drawing.