90 results about "Undercut" patented technology

A fastening arrangement for connecting a façade panel and a panel holder is provided. The façade panel is a panel with a homogeneous structure; with a front side, a material layer and a rear side. A keyhole-shaped groove is provided on the rear side of the facade panel having a widened insertion opening and a retaining area with an undercut in the material layer. The mechanical connection between the facade panel and the panel holder is a riveted connection using a rivet with a mushroom-shaped head inserted through the insertion opening and into the undercut of the retaining area. The panel holder is pushed onto a free end of the rivet shank that extends out via a through-opening so that the panel holder rests on the cover panel. The rivet shank free end is then formed by a rivet setting tool to create a positive fit between the composite panel and the panel holder.

A tool (100) for cold forming of splines on a pre-machined blank includes an annular shaped die holder (102) and an annular shaped die (104) concentrically fixed to the die holder (102). The die (104) includes splined profile matching profile of the splines to be formed on an inner circumference of the annular shaped die (104). The tool (100) is configured to concentrically locate the blank (300) over the die (104) such that when the blank is forced against the die (104), the splined profile of the die (104) deforms the spline portion (304) of the blank (300) to generate the splines. The blank includes an undercut located between a gear portion (302) and a spline portion (304) of the blank to accommodate material flow due to deformation of the spline portion (304) of the blank (300) during generation of the splines.

The invention relates to the technical field of foundation engineering, in particular to a sunken post-tensioning anti-floating anchor rod fabricated anchoring joint construction method which comprises the following steps: carrying out an anchor rod uplift bearing capacity test; constructing a cushion layer and manufacturing an anchor rod, wherein the anchor rod comprises a steel strand; an anchor rod construction point is positioned on the cushion layer; drilling and cleaning an anchor hole; lowering the anchor rod; performing primary normal-pressure grouting and secondary high-pressure grouting; maintaining the anchor rod; constructing a waterproof layer; binding reinforcing steel bars and installing a sealing anchor base; pouring structural bottom plate concrete; tensioning and locking the anchor rod; according to the construction method, it can be guaranteed that the site of the structural bottom plate is flat, operation of constructors and transportation of mechanical equipment are facilitated, the effect of protecting anchoring joints of the anchor rods is achieved, and the damage risk of the anchoring joints is reduced; compared with a traditional convex type or concave type anchoring node, the bottom plate can be reduced by a certain thickness, waterproof construction operation is simpler and more convenient, the labor material cost can be greatly reduced, the construction difficulty can be lowered, the self weight of the bottom plate is reduced, and the effect of shortening the construction period is achieved.

The present invention provides a coreless rotor motor with an encoder, comprising a stator and a rotor installed in the stator, and also comprising an encoder and an encoding disk; the rotor comprises a magnetic steel frame, magnets, a left pressure cover and a right pressure cover; a plurality of magnetic steel slots are circumferentially distributed on the left and right ends of the magnetic steel frame; a plurality of through holes are circumferentially distributed on the magnetic steel frame; the through holes comprise an insertion portion through hole and a positioning portion through hole connected to one side of the insertion portion through hole; the magnets are inserted into the magnetic steel slots; a plurality of insertion rods are circumferentially distributed on the right side of the left pressure cover; an undercut is provided at the right end of the insertion rod; the insertion rod cooperates with the positioning portion through hole; the undercut can pass through the insertion portion through hole; an air avoidance groove for avoiding the undercut and a positioning protrusion cooperating with the insertion portion through hole are provided on the left side of the right pressure cover; the encoding disk is fixed on the right pressure cover; the encoder is fixed at the right end of the stator and connected to the encoding disk; the present invention is convenient to maintain, light in weight, small in size and has strong structural stability.

The utility model relates to a large-stroke back-off demolding mechanism, and relates to the technical field of molds, the large-stroke back-off demolding mechanism comprises an inclined ejection assembly, a straight ejection assembly and a lateral ejection assembly, the inclined ejection assembly and the straight ejection assembly abut against each other and are both in contact with a product, and a back-off of the product is located in the straight ejection assembly and is in contact with the lateral ejection assembly; the inclined ejection assembly is used for being separated from the product and the straight ejection assembly during ejection, and the lateral ejection assembly is used for ejecting the inverted buckle out of the straight ejection assembly. Through the synergistic effect of the inclined ejection assembly, the straight ejection assembly and the lateral ejection assembly, the demolding requirement of a large inverted buckle can be met; the inclined ejection assembly is separated from a product and the surface of a mold to provide a demolding space for ejection of an inverted buckle, the product and the surface of the mold can be prevented from being adhered, the clamping stagnation phenomenon is avoided, the demolding success rate is increased, the lateral ejection assembly can effectively eject the inverted buckle out of the mold, clamping stagnation caused by the inverted buckle is avoided, subsequent ejection and demolding of the product are facilitated, and the demolding efficiency is improved. And the product quality is improved.

Disclosed are methods and apparatus related to micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). A method for manufacturing a mechanical pillar in a micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) device may include: depositing a mask layer on a first side of a substrate; etching a first recess on the first side of the substrate; forming a pillar structure on the substrate wherein a first portion of the pillar structure is coupled to the first recess; etching a second recess at a second portion of the pillar structure; depositing an oxide layer on the column structure, the mask layer and the substrate; etching a horizontal surface of the oxide layer at the mask layer and the substrate; and releasing the mechanical pillar from the substrate, the mechanical pillar including a pillar structure, an oxide layer, and a mask layer.

An internally grounded filter feedthrough having a filter capacitor connected to a feedthrough is described. The feedthrough comprises an insulator having an active conductive pathway extending to its device and body fluid sides, and a ground conductive pathway extending part-way through the insulator thickness from the insulator device side. An undercut extending into the insulator sidewall communicates with the ground conductive pathway but does not extend to the insulator device or body fluid sides or to the active conductive pathway. A braze seals the insulator sidewall to the ferrule and extends into the undercut so that the braze contacts the ground conductive pathway. That way, the braze provides a ground electrical path from a capacitor ground via to the ground conductive pathway in the insulator connected to the braze sealed to the ferrule.

A method for producing a composite material of metal and plastic to form a plastic-metal hybrid component, in which macroscopic undercuts with microscopic undercuts having stochastically random roughness shapes and depths are introduced into the metal surface by means of short-pulse laser radiation to improve the adhesion between the metal surface and at least one plastic component, wherein the shapes and depths of the laser structuring of the metal surface are produced by changing the guidance and / or speed of the laser beam movement and simultaneously adjusting the power and / or the repetition rate of the short-pulse laser radiation, and the stochastically random roughness shapes are each at least partially filled with the at least one plastic component in an injection molding process such that the latter is gripped in the macroscopic and / or microscopic undercuts.wherein, following the roughening of the metal surface prior to the injection molding process of the at least one plastic component, at least the roughened surface of the metal is heated to a temperature which, in the processing range from room temperature to 100°C, is above the processing temperature of the at least one plastic component.

The invention relates to a chisel holder (30) for an earth working machine, in particular for a road milling machine, a stabilizer, a recycler, or a surface miner, having a support body (35) which has a chisel receiving area (32) or supports at least one cutting tip in the region of a working side, said support body (35) supporting a plug-in attachment (44) directly or indirectly on a plug-in attachment side. The plug-in attachment (44) has a plug-in attachment longitudinal axis (44.2), said plug-in attachment longitudinal axis (44.2) lying on a central longitudinal plane (ME) of the chisel holder (30), and the support body (35) has two front machined surfaces (41.1, 41.2) which form a machined surface pair, are at an angle to one another so as to form a transverse support angle (α) and at least part of which are provided in front of the plug-in attachment (44). The plug-in attachment (44) has, on its front side, at least one convex front shaft contact surface (45), and a cross-section (SF) through the chisel holder (30), said cross-section running parallel to and at a distance from the central longitudinal plane (ME), intersects one of the two front machined surfaces (41.1, 41.2) of the machined surface pair and the front shaft contact surface (45). According to the invention, in order to improve the process of securing the chisel holder in a lower part, the front cross-sectional edge (SK) of the machined surface (41.1, 41.2) and the front cross-sectional edge (45.3) of the front shaft contact surface (45) of the cross-section (SF) form an undercut angle (γ), said undercut angle (γ) equaling at least 103° and at most 114°.

Substrate assemblies having adhesion promotor layers and related methods are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a substrate, a dielectric layer, a first copper layer between the substrate and the dielectric layer, and a film between the dielectric layer and the first copper layer. The film including silicon and nitrogen and being substantially free of hydrogen. A via in the dielectric layer is to provide access to the first copper layer. A portion of the first copper layer uncovered in the via, a wall of the via and the portion of the first copper layer to be substantially free of fluorine. A seed copper layer positioned on the dielectric layer. The via wall and the portion of the first copper layer. The seed copper layer and the first copper layer define an undercut at an interface between the seed copper layer and the first copper layer.

An insert for use in vacuum forming that is locked in place with the vacuum forming material. More specifically, the insert includes one or more undercuts wherein the sheet that is vacuum formed around the undercut is locked without the need for additional manufacturing components and / or procedures. The process is particularly suitable for automotive applications.

The present invention discloses a high-temperature titanium alloy laser welding process, comprising the following steps: (1) forming a titanium film layer on the surface of iron powder by magnetron sputtering technology to wrap the iron powder particles, thereby obtaining Fe / Ti composite powder; (2) placing Fe / Ti composite powder in the gap between the high-temperature titanium alloy to be welded to form an intermediate layer, and ensuring a tight connection between the titanium alloy-Fe / Ti composite powder-titanium alloy; (3) performing laser welding to completely melt the intermediate layer and partially melt the titanium alloy layers on both sides to form a weld; (4) heating the weldment to 500-600°C for insulation, and then cooling. This process has a stable welding process, a high welding success rate, beautiful weld formation, a small heat-affected zone, and no cracks, pores, undercuts, or penetration defects. It improves the overall mechanical properties and meets the requirements of large-scale and integrated aircraft engines.

To provide a housing suitable for enclosing an electromechanical component, and to a housing assembly.SOLUTION: The housing of the present invention is a housing for accommodating an electromechanical component, including a first housing component and a second housing component. The second housing component has a first guide groove, and the first housing component has a first complementary element. The first complementary element and the first guide groove are formed such that the housing components are connected together to form the housing by being pressed against each other along a guiding direction. The first guide groove has an undercut in which the first complementary element with a shape complementary to that of the first guide groove is fitted.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

This invention relates to the field of mold manufacturing technology and discloses the application of a slider-driven swing structure in submerged injection molds. The slider-driven swing structure includes an iron part, a swing insert, and a slider. A spring pushes the slider. As the slider moves, when it contacts the swing insert, it pushes the swing insert to move. When the swing insert contacts the iron part, a protruding part on the iron part extends into a groove at the top of the swing insert. If there is an undercut on the iron part, the undercut will be stuck in the groove at the top of the swing insert. As the swing insert moves towards the iron part, when the protruding part on the iron part extends beyond the groove of the swing insert, it continues to extend into the corresponding groove on the slider until the protruding part on the iron part is completely fitted with the corresponding groove on the swing insert and the slider. This seals the swing insert, slider, and iron part, solving the problem that products with undercuts cannot directly move along the slider.

The present invention provides a molding apparatus and an injection molding method thereof. The molding apparatus includes a first mold, a second mold, and a sealing ring. The first mold includes a first body and at least one slide. The at least one slide is movably and detachably arranged on the first body and has an undercut. The injection molding method includes the following operations: engaging the first mold and the second mold of the molding apparatus; filling a mold cavity defined by the first mold and the second mold with a gas, wherein the gas is blocked by the sealing ring arranged between the first mold and the second mold; injecting a molding material into the mold cavity; and opening the first mold and the second mold of the molding apparatus.

A method for automatically connecting and forming a double-linked guide blade wax mold belongs to the field of double-linked guide blade single crystal casting technology. An undercut concave hole and an undercut groove structure are respectively added to the docking surface of the left blade wax mold, and an undercut convex column and an undercut rib structure are respectively added to the docking surface of the right blade wax mold. The left blade wax mold is first pressed in the mold, and then the right blade wax mold is pressed. The undercut concave holes and grooves on the left blade wax mold are pressed and fastened with the undercut convex column and rib on the right blade wax mold until they are automatically connected in the mold to form a complete double-linked guide blade wax mold. The present invention abandons the traditional manual splicing method, solves the problem that the double-linked guide blade wax mold cannot be directly pressed and formed by the mold, improves the degree of automation in the preparation of the double-linked guide blade wax mold, enhances the bonding strength of the wax mold connection parts, and improves the quality stability of the wax mold preparation. The automatic connection time of each double-linked guide blade wax mold is compressed to about 1 minute on average, and the work efficiency is greatly improved.

The invention relates to a drive rod fitting 4 of a window or door, provided for fastening in a guide groove 1 of a sash 3 having undercuts 2, 2', with a drive rod 5, wherein the drive rod 5 has in cross-section a base plate 6 with webs 7, 7', 7" arranged perpendicular to the base plate 6 into which a coupling element 16 with a retaining member 21 rotatably arranged thereon engages and forms an integral assembly by rotating the retaining member 21, whereby the drive rod fitting 4 is held in the guide groove 1 in a non-removable but slidable manner.

A drilling tool for making an undercut within a solid material comprises a shaft extending along a longitudinal axis between a proximal end and a distal end, a gripping portion located at the proximal end, a gripping portion located at the distal end, comprising a blade having a helical course around the longitudinal axis, and a mechanical stop, arranged along the longitudinal extension of the shaft, adapted to create mechanical interference with an outer surface of the solid material so as to interrupt the translational advancement of the tool within the solid material. The shaft has at least a first diameter extending at least from the end portion to the mechanical stop.

A sealing arrangement with two components (2; 102; 202; 12) is disclosed. These components guide a fluid either axially from the first component to the second component or axially in the opposite direction. A first component (2; 102; 202; 12) has a recess around its opening (4) comprising an inner region (10; 110) and a circumferential step (1; 201). The circumferential step (1; 201) is shaped to form an undercut or baffle against which an O-ring (9) can be held. The recess creates a space between the opening (4) of the first component (2; 102; 202) and the opening (14) of the second component (12), through which the fluid can stretch the O-ring (9) radially outwards against the step (1; 201). Furthermore, a correspondingly shaped milling tool (20; 120; 220) is revealed.

The invention relates to a method and a device for producing undercuts (10) on tooth flanks (3) of a gearwheel (1), wherein the undercuts (10) have undercut surfaces that adjoin adjacent sections (16) of a tooth flank (3) by way of undercut edges (13, 14). According to the invention, spindle motors for driving a workpiece spindle and a tool spindle are driven in such a way that the undercut edges (13, 14) are inclined at an angle (α) with respect to a plane of rotation (D1, D2) about an axis (9) of the workpiece (1) and in particular in the same direction in which an edge (8) of a top surface (6) is inclined at an angle (β) with respect to a plane of rotation (D3).

A mountainous area long-distance pipeline welding construction technology belongs to the technical field of petroleum and natural gas long-distance pipeline welding, and comprises the following steps: S1, construction of an operation belt; s2, a pipe opening is excavated; s3, pipe transportation and pipe distribution; s4, groove machining and measuring are carried out; s5, the pipe openings are assembled in an opening-to-opening mode; and S6, welding. Before preparation before construction, according to the operation requirements, the requirements of construction operation can be met through operation belt building and pipe opening excavation; through groove machining and groove angle reduction, the problems that in the welding process, molten iron flows from the high side to the low side, so that undercut is generated due to insufficient molten iron amount on the high side, and slag inclusion is likely to happen due to accumulation of a molten pool on the low side are solved. By improving the inner aligning device, improving the braking capacity and the turning capacity of the walking wheel, changing the electric driving mode into the pneumatic driving mode and increasing the cruising ability, the purpose of continuous welding under the ditch is achieved, and by combining welding equipment, the purpose that one set of welding equipment can conduct root welding and external welding is achieved, and the welding efficiency is improved. And obstruction of complex terrains to running water construction is prevented.

A fenestration unit fenestration unit includes a frame having a receiver channel. The fenestration unit further includes an installation fin having a pedestal portion and a projecting portion extending from the pedestal portion. The pedestal portion has a cam insert receivable in each of a first undercut and a second undercut of the receiver channel, a clip insert receivable in each of the first undercut and the second undercut, the pedestal portion including a retention catch. The projecting portion has a body and a retention protrusion receivable in the retention catch for securing the projecting portion in an upright position. The installation fin is reversibly couplable to the frame with the projecting portion extending in an interior direction in a first configuration of a prone position and with the projecting portion extending in an exterior direction in a second configuration of the prone position.

This invention provides a method for improving the processing of printed circuit boards with excessive solder resist side etching. By using a first transparent solder resist ink and a second colored solder resist ink, the thickness of the first solder resist ink is greater than that of the second solder resist ink. In step S3, the second solder resist ink completely covers the first solder resist ink. By using two layers of solder resist ink, with the first layer being transparent and the surface layer being colored, the overall curing uniformity of the solder resist layer is improved, thereby reducing the undercut caused by incomplete curing of the bottom solder resist ink. Furthermore, by ensuring that the colored ink layer completely covers the transparent ink layer, and by setting the thickness of the transparent ink layer to be greater than that of the colored ink layer, the high-gloss curing characteristics of the transparent ink layer are fully utilized, optimizing the bonding effect between the colored and transparent ink layers and ensuring the overall curing effect of the solder resist layer.

This invention relates to the field of injection mold technology, and particularly to a double-slanted sliding block demolding mechanism and mold. The demolding mechanism includes a first slide block, a second slide block, and a driving component. The first slide block is slidably mounted on the lower mold. The driving component is connected to the first slide block and drives it to reciprocate along a first direction. The second slide block is guided and slidably mounted on the first slide block, and its sliding direction forms a preset angle with the first direction to generate displacement in a second direction when it moves with the first slide block. A sliding block insert for forming an undercut on the inner side of the molded product is slidably mounted on the second slide block, and its sliding direction forms preset angles with both the first and second directions to generate displacement in a third direction when it moves with the second slide block. During mold opening, the driving component drives the first slide block to slide, which in turn drives the second slide block to slide, thereby causing the sliding block insert to exit from the undercut on the inner side of the product. This invention effectively solves the technical problem in the prior art where conventional sliding blocks and angled ejectors cannot demold when the undercut on the inner side of the product has a spatial tilt angle.

This invention discloses a steel for fire extinguisher cylinders, its preparation method, and its application, relating to the field of iron and steel smelting technology. By controlling the elemental composition of the continuously cast billet, particularly the carbon and manganese content, not only can the steel maintain high strength under high-temperature conditions, but the high-temperature rotational undercut in the preparation of fire extinguisher cylinders is also eliminated. Simultaneously, while ensuring the steel's strength, it also provides good weldability and formability. By controlling the temperature parameters of the annealing process, combined with the elemental content in the continuously cast billet, the microstructure of the prepared steel can be controlled. Holding at the soaking temperature provided by this invention allows carbon dissolution in the steel to reach equilibrium, preventing excessive grain growth that could affect the steel's strength. Furthermore, by controlling the temperature of the over-aging stage, the distribution of carbides and the content of dissolved carbon are controlled, improving the steel's strength while preventing the fire extinguisher cylinders made from this steel from aging and becoming unusable during subsequent use.

The present application relates to injection mold technical field, provide a kind of multi-inverted buckle piece forming die, including for forming product one, product one has inclined cylinder structure, outer wall undercut and groove structure;Including movable die and fixed die, movable die includes movable die seat, movable die plate is installed on movable die seat;Movable die is further provided with product one stripping mechanism, it includes oblique core-pulling slidingly disposed on movable die seat, movable die seat is further provided with for driving oblique driving element sliding of oblique core-pulling;Oblique core-pulling is fixed with outer wall undercut slider on it;Oblique core-pulling is further fixed with linkage block, groove slider is slidably arranged on movable die plate;Oblique core-pulling is further provided with core-pulling sliding groove, and core-pulling sliding groove is slidably connected with inclined cylinder core-pulling.Borrowing this, the present application is realized by setting up outer wall undercut slider, linkage block and inclined cylinder core-pulling on oblique core-pulling in limited space, stripping of multiple different direction undercut structure is realized.In compact structure, the forming of complex product is realized.

This application discloses a full-circumference undercut core-pulling mold, including an upper mold and a lower mold. The upper mold includes: an upper template; an upper mold core embedded in the upper template and forming a molding cavity with the lower mold; and a core-pulling mechanism including: a molding component disposed within the upper mold core, the molding component including a support member, a protrusion, and multiple molding inserts, the support member having a receiving groove and an opening, the protrusion being movably connected to the support member, the multiple molding inserts surrounding the bottom of the receiving groove and protruding from the opening into the molding cavity, the multiple molding inserts forming a conical abutment; a core-pulling assembly movably inserted within the receiving groove; and a support assembly connected to the core-pulling assembly. The core-pulling assembly, driven by the upper template, releases multiple molding inserts, creating a demolding gap between the molding inserts and the full-circumference undercut structure of the product. The support assembly, through the protrusion, drives the support member to move away from the lower mold, causing the released molding inserts to detach from the product, completing the demolding operation of the product with full-circumference undercuts.

The invention discloses a rubber back-off structure and a demolding process thereof, and belongs to the field of rubber back-off structures, the rubber back-off structure comprises a middle plate, and the middle plate is provided with an upper contact surface; the upper plate is provided with a lower contact face, and the upper plate can abut against the upper contact face of the middle plate through the lower contact face of the upper plate. According to the rubber inverted buckle structure and the demolding process thereof, after the middle plate is ejected out through the arranged cores and 2RT, a plastic plate is taken to be placed between the bottom plate and the middle plate, the 2RT is lowered, all the cores 4 are automatically ejected out, a product begins to be demolded, and the plastic plate is pulled out when the product enters a mold, so that the demolding efficiency of the product can be improved, and the mold processing cost is reduced; the problems that an inverted core is movable, the core needs to be manually taken out during demolding, the product demolding efficiency is low, a mold cavity is prone to being damaged by collision, the core is ejected out through 2RT, the distance is limited by a mold plate, burrs of a bottom plate are difficult to clean, the distance is short, and the mold demolding effect is low can be solved.

Drilling tool for producing a stepped borehole with an upper section of the first diameter and a lower section of the larger diameter, characterized in that the tool has a mechanically activatable cutting mechanism which is arranged in the lower part of the tool and is activated by contact with the borehole base, wherein the cutting mechanism consists of at least two radially extendable cutting elements which are brought from their rest position into a cutting position by a central activator.

Clamping module system for a machine tool, comprising a set of several combinable clamping modules (1, 1.1,...,1.n), wherein each of the clamping modules (1, 1.1,...,1.n) has a base body (2) with a first clamping surface (3) for securing its position relative to the machine tool, and comprising a clamping arrangement arranged at least partially in the base body (2) for generating a clamping force directed against the first clamping surface (3), and wherein the clamping arrangement comprises a clamping bolt (4, 4.2) with a coupling device (15, 15.2) and a manually actuated clamping slide (7, 7.1, 7.2) which is in an angular position relative to the clamping bolt (4, 4.2), and wherein the clamping bolt (4, 4.2) and the clamping slide (7, 7.1, 7.2) have mutually interacting conical surfaces (9.1, 9.2, 9.3), and wherein the first clamping surface (3) has a perpendicular first bore (5) for introducing the clamping bolt (4, 4.2) into the base body (2), characterized by the fact that at least one fitting groove (10.1,...,10.6) is present on the first clamping surface (3), wherein the longitudinal axis (11) of the fitting groove (10.1,...,10.6) intersects the axial axis (6) of the first bore (5) at right angles and in the slot (10.1,..., 10.6) at least one T-nut (12.1,...,12.2) is arranged, which in the intended assembled state projects beyond the first clamping surface (3), wherein the T-nut (12.1,...,12.2) is removable and / or retractable from the first clamping surface (3) and the clamping bolt (4, 4.2) is interchangeable and axially movable in the first bore (5) in such a way as to prevent loss that the coupling device (15, 15.2) on the clamping bolt (4, 4.2) projects further towards the first clamping surface (3) than the T-nut (12.1,...,12.2) in the intended mounted state and wherein the clamping bolt (4, 4.2) is designed as an interchangeable part and the clamping module system includes different clamping bolts (4, 4.2), wherein at least one of the clamping bolts (4, 4.2) has a coupling device (15, 15.2) with undercuts for clamping on a T-slot table and at least one further clamping bolt (4, 4.2) has a coupling device (15, 15.2) for attaching a first clamping module (1, 1.1,...,1.n) to a second clamping module (1, 1.1,...,1.n), wherein the coupling device (15, 15.2) of the further clamping bolt (4, 4.2) has a second conical surface (9.2) which is designed for interaction with the conical surface (9.1, 9.2, 9.3) on the clamping slide of the second clamping module (1, 1.1,...,1.n).