1620results about "Testing medicinal preparations" patented technology

The present invention relates to the field of Internet of Things monitoring technology, specifically a Chinese herbal medicine drying monitoring system based on the Internet of Things, the system includes a gas component monitoring module, a density measurement and analysis module, a data anomaly correction module, a drying endpoint determination module, and a terminal data storage module. In the present invention, by acquiring gas concentration data within a fixed time window and analyzing the changing trend of the gas component ratio curve, the sensitivity to changes in the gas environment is improved, the density measurement adopts a multi-monitoring point method, the density change rate is calculated, and the gas component data is combined to form a multi-dimensional drying state analysis, reduce the impact of local errors on the overall judgment, detect abnormal fluctuations through trend consistency calculation, correct mutation data, prevent sudden measurement errors from interfering with the drying state determination, combine the gas component ratio change trend and the density change trend, adjust the drying endpoint determination basis, adapt to the drying characteristics of different batches of Chinese herbal medicines, and improve the accuracy of the drying endpoint determination.

The invention provides a full-automatic integrated traditional Chinese medicine detection method and equipment. Belongs to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine detection and automation. The detection method comprises the following steps: shooting high-definition photos of traditional Chinese medicinal materials through a high-precision camera and an image processing unit which are arranged on a variety screening module, and comparing the high-definition photos with a built-in traditional Chinese medicinal material image database through a preset algorithm to automatically identify the types of the traditional Chinese medicinal materials; multi-dimensional quality detection is carried out on the traditional Chinese medicinal materials through multiple sensors integrated in the quality detection module; through the combination of the high-precision camera and the image processing unit and the application of the deep learning algorithm, the types of the traditional Chinese medicinal materials can be quickly and accurately identified, the detection efficiency is improved, and the possibility of human errors is also reduced.

The invention discloses an intelligent quality inspection system for medicinal empty capsules, particularly relates to the field of intelligent detection, and comprises a multi-dimensional optical characteristic acquisition module, a dynamic thermodynamic response analysis module, a near infrared spectrum component inversion module, a multi-source data fusion decision module and a self-adaptive feedback optimization module. Omnibearing nondestructive detection of the capsule is realized through non-contact multispectral imaging and vibration response analysis, traditional destructive sampling loss is thoroughly avoided, and the multisource data fusion module integrates optical texture features, mechanical frequency domain energy density and near infrared spectrum inversion values based on the D-S evidence theory, so that the detection accuracy is improved. And the self-adaptive optimization module dynamically adjusts an optical wavelength weight, a mechanical sweep frequency range and a spectrum modeling parameter by applying reinforcement learning, is self-adaptive to fluctuation of different batches of gelatin materials and environmental interference, remarkably reduces a misjudgment rate and ensures continuous and stable operation of a production line.

The invention relates to the technical field of material determination, and particularly discloses an intelligent screening method and system for traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, and the method comprises the steps: S1, obtaining decoction piece standard data of to-be-detected traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, collecting decoction piece physical data and decoction piece chemical data of the to-be-detected traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, and obtaining historical detection data of the to-be-detected traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces; s2, calculating a feature deviation value of each feature in the physical feature vector of the to-be-detected traditional Chinese medicine decoction piece and a physical deviation value of the to-be-detected traditional Chinese medicine decoction piece; s3, constructing a chemical detection model, and determining chemical deviation data of the to-be-detected traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces; and S4, determining the traditional Chinese medicine decoction piece grade of the to-be-detected traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces and performing intelligent screening. According to the method, a comprehensive and accurate decoction piece standard system can be constructed, multi-dimensional and quantitative evaluation of the quality of the decoction pieces is realized, the grade of the decoction pieces is comprehensively and accurately judged, subjective errors and quality misjudgment are avoided, the screening efficiency and accuracy are improved, and a scientific solution is provided for quality control of traditional Chinese medicines.

The invention provides a therapeutic drug monitoring kit and method and system, a magnetic bead extraction method is combined with LC-MS / MS detection to be applied to human blood drug concentration monitoring, a mixed magnetic bead solution containing phospholipid removal magnetic beads and to-be-detected drug adsorption magnetic beads is utilized to perform adsorption and extraction pretreatment on a to-be-detected drug in a sample, automatic treatment equipment is matched, and the concentration of the to-be-detected drug in the to-be-detected drug in the to-be-detected drug in the to-be-detected drug in the to-be-detected drug in the to-be-detected drug in the to-be-detected drug is detected. The pretreatment efficiency is high, the phospholipid content in the supernate is low, and the matrix effect and the chromatographic column washing pressure are greatly reduced. According to the therapeutic drug monitoring method provided by the invention, a unified pretreatment process is used, simultaneous extraction of multiple drugs is realized, and through a magnetic bead automatic extraction method, the pretreatment step of a sample can be rapidly completed, a therapeutic drug monitoring result can be rapidly obtained, the overall detection time is shortened, and the detection efficiency is improved. Therefore, a reliable laboratory examination basis is provided for individualized treatment.

The invention relates to the technical field of disintegration time limit automatic induction, in particular to a disintegration time limit inductive sensor capable of preventing refraction interference. A disintegration time limit inductive sensor capable of preventing refraction interference comprises a tube body which is internally provided with a medicine soaking cavity; the conical screen cover corresponds to the bottom of the medicine soaking cavity, the diameter of the upper end of the conical screen cover is larger than that of the lower end of the conical screen cover, and the lower end of the conical screen cover corresponds to the center of the medicine soaking cavity and is provided with an opening; the photoelectric sensor comprises a transmitter and a receiver, the transmitter is fixed below the conical screen cover, and a transmitting port of the transmitter is right opposite to an opening in the lower end of the conical screen cover; the floating head is arranged in the medicine soaking cavity, the receiver is installed in the floating head, and the receiving end of the receiver is exposed out of the bottom of the floating head and right faces the emitting opening of the emitter. And the detection precision of the photoelectric sensor can be effectively prevented from being influenced by refraction and liquid sputtering.

To provide a method for evaluating disposition and / or effect of a candidate compound in an in-vitro culture and / or suspension to predict in-vivo disposition and / or effect of the candidate compound.SOLUTION: A method comprises the steps of: providing a cell culture and / or suspension; exposing a candidate compound to the culture and / or suspension; exposing the culture and / or suspension to a culture medium providing an extracellular environment related to in vivo (the culture medium contains a certain component (e.g., protein or the like) at a concentration having characteristics (e.g., binding characteristics) similar to physiological concentration or physiologic concentration), wherein arbitrary combination of any of the "exposing steps" can occur in any order or simultaneously; and evaluating in-vitro disposition and / or effect of the candidate compound to predict in-vivo disposition and / or effect of the candidate compound.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Provided are a method and the like for efficiently screening for a candidate substance for a starting material that suppresses hexanal odor. The screening method according to the present invention comprises the steps of: adding a test substance and hexanal to a specific olfactory receptor polypeptide; a step for measuring the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to hexanal; and identifying, on the basis of the measured response, a test substance that inhibits the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide as a candidate substance for a raw material that inhibits hexanal odor.

The invention discloses a method for predicting or evaluating the stability of an mRNA-LNP liquid preparation and application of the method, and belongs to the technical field of medicine quality control, and the method comprises the following steps: centrifuging the mRNA-LNP liquid preparation, balancing, putting the mRNA-LNP liquid preparation into a multifunctional protein stability analyzer, and analyzing the stability of the mRNA-LNP liquid preparation. According to the method, the change of the turbidity, the hydraulic radius and the intermolecular interaction of the mRNA-LNP liquid preparation along with the temperature is tested, the stability evaluation temperature Tstability is calculated, the comprehensive stability score Sstability is obtained according to the data obtained through the test and the Tstability, and the higher the Sstability is, the better the stability of the mRNA-LNP liquid preparation is. The method is suitable for preparation development and quality control in the fields of mRNA vaccines, gene therapy and the like, is efficient, label-free and good in accuracy, and can be used for improving the stability and research and development efficiency of the preparation.

To provide a new composition consisting of 100% natural matter, exerting a therapeutic or beneficial effect in the treatment of bone fragility, having a physiological mode of action.SOLUTION: The present invention provides a 100% natural product consisting of natural matrices exhibiting emerging properties, which enables re-establishing correct bone metabolism by correcting behavior of mesenchymal stem cells and re-establishing a correct balance between cell populations that allow bone growth or remodeling. The natural product consists of, for example, Equisetum flowering tops, Acacia, Malpighia fruit, coral skeleton, avian eggshell, Agave leaves, Cetraria stems, Agaricus, and calcium citrate.SELECTED DRAWING: None

The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine decoction piece screening, and discloses an intelligent traditional Chinese medicine decoction piece screening method based on multi-modal data fusion. The method comprises the following steps: synchronously acquiring visible light image data, near infrared spectrum data and smell volatile matter data of a target traditional Chinese medicine decoction piece through a multi-source sensor array; respectively performing morphological cleaning, baseline drift correction and environmental interference elimination operations on the three types of data; extracting a form feature set, a chemical component feature set and a volatile substance feature set of the decoction pieces from the preprocessed data; calculating morphological stability factors, component stability factors and volatilization stability factors corresponding to the three types of feature sets; constructing a three-dimensional feature fusion space, and mapping the three types of feature sets into fusion feature vectors; executing centralized search in the space by taking the fusion feature vector as a starting point, and determining an optimal screening decision vector; therefore, more accurate grade classification and quality screening are realized, and the screening efficiency of the traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces can be remarkably improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of medicine quality detection, in particular to a capsule medicine multi-mode defect detection system and a multi-dimensional detection method, and the detection system comprises a detection container filled with an intelligent response type medicinal silicone oil composition, a transmission system, a detection mechanism, a control system and a rejection mechanism. Through density adjustment, temperature-sensitive-fluorescence response and multi-mode detection technologies, accurate detection of defects such as capsule liquid leakage, cracks and poor sealing can be realized. The detection method adjusts the silicone oil density according to the capsule type, and collects, fuses and analyzes buoyancy signals and optical image data to judge defects. According to the invention, the detection precision is high, and 0.02 [mu] L-level leakage and 0.1 mm-level cracks can be detected; the compatibility is strong, and the method is suitable for 95% of commercially available capsules; the cost is low, the equipment and maintenance cost is greatly reduced, and silicone oil can be recycled; the medicine production specifications are met.

The invention discloses an effectiveness analysis method of a drug entrapment material for treating intrauterine adhesion. The effectiveness analysis method comprises the following steps: performing multi-aspect research on the drug entrapment material and generating an effectiveness analysis result. In performance characterization, the morphology and pores of the material are analyzed by using microscopy, specific surface area and other technologies, the compatibility of the drug and the carrier is verified, and the physical state of the drug is detected; in-vitro analysis covers drug release kinetics, the release amount is measured in a simulated environment, and a curve is fitted; the biocompatibility evaluation refers to co-culture of a material leaching solution and cells, detection of cell activity and the like; implanting a medicine carrying material into the animal model in vivo, and evaluating the curative effect by using technologies such as image and pathology; and finally, integrating various results to obtain an entrapment material effectiveness analysis conclusion. According to the method, the limitation of traditional single-point testing is broken through, a full-chain evaluation model of structural characteristics-release behavior-biocompatibility-repair efficiency is constructed, and a scientific basis is provided for rational design and clinical transformation of intrauterine adhesion treatment materials.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine analysis and identification method and system based on clustering analysis, and relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine analysis, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, collecting a chemical fingerprint spectrum, a microscopic image, metabonomics data and geographical indication information of a traditional Chinese medicine sample; according to the traditional Chinese medicine analysis and identification method and system based on clustering analysis, through a dynamic weight distribution mechanism and a high-order nonlinear collaborative characterization technology, the core problem of multi-modal data fusion failure in traditional Chinese medicine identification is effectively solved; the dynamic weight distribution network adaptively adjusts the contribution degree of each modal based on real-time entropy fluctuation and sample density, so that the identification precision under complicated scenes such as related species and processed product difference is remarkably improved; the high-order tensor fusion space is combined with adversarial generation training, the characterization limitation of a linear kernel function on component-form-effect nonlinear correlation is broken through, and the clustering boundary better fits the overall characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine.

The invention discloses a quality control method based on a levocarnitine oral solution preparation process, and relates to the technical field of quality detection. The quality control method based on the preparation process of the levocarnitine oral solution comprises the following steps: acquiring oral solution monitoring data; evaluating oral liquid quality; feeding back a result; and optimizing quality control parameters. According to the method, oral liquid quality evaluation is carried out through the obtained oral liquid monitoring data, the process quality feedback data is obtained, then the process parameter algorithm model is constructed according to the process quality feedback data, result feedback is carried out, and finally whether quality control parameter optimization is carried out or not is judged based on the process parameter algorithm model. The effect of improving the character stability of the prepared levocarnitine oral solution is achieved, and the problem that in the prior art, the quality of the prepared levocarnitine oral solution is difficult to control is solved.

Disclosed are a method, a device, and an information processing program for determining, by using refractive index distribution data pertaining to an object to be observed, the region of a cell that has undergone programmed cell death in the object to be observed.

A transmitting terminal (1A) transmits first D2D control information (522, 523) in one or more subframes within a first subframe pool (511) within a first D2D control period (501) and performs data transmission (531-534) in accordance with the first D2D control information (522, 523) in one or more subframes within a second subframe pool (512) within the first D2D control period (501). The first D2D control information (522, 523) contains a second information element indicating whether the first D2D control information (522, 523) is valid in at least one D2D control period (502, 503) occurring after the first D2D control period (501). This makes it possible to contribute, for example, to reducing failure in reception of scheduling assignment information that is transmitted in a radio resource region for control in a periodic D2D control period and that specifies D2D transmission resources.

The present invention provides methods and compositions for treating cancer and / or autoimmune diseases by modulating the expression and / or activity of IGSF8 and its binding ligand. Pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, antibodies that specifically bind to human IGSF8 and have the activity of inhibiting IGSF8-mediated immunosuppression in a subject in need thereof. Pharmaceutical compositions may include, but are not limited to, antibodies that specifically bind to human IGSF8 and have the activity of inhibiting IGSF8-mediated immunosuppression in a subject in need thereof.

The present invention belongs to the field of drug testing instruments, and relates to a drug dissolution tester and a calibration method thereof. The drug dissolution tester comprises a frame, a water bath, a dissolution cup, a stirring paddle and a driving mechanism. The dissolution cup is detachably mounted in a cup hole of the water bath. A calibration cover is placed on the cup mouth of the dissolution cup in a coaxial positioning manner. The surface layer of the calibration cover is a pressure-sensitive imaging layer. A calibration hole adapted to the paddle shaft of the stirring paddle is coaxially arranged in the center of the calibration cover. When the inverted paddle shaft is coaxial with the dissolution cup, the paddle shaft passes through the calibration hole and then extends into the dissolution cup. When the inverted paddle shaft is not coaxial with the dissolution cup, the paddle shaft cannot pass through the calibration hole, and the pressure-sensitive imaging layer of the calibration cover senses the paddle shaft and develops on the calibration cover to indicate the eccentric position of the paddle shaft. A fine-tuning mechanism is installed on the top plate of the water bath, which is used to fine-tune the position of the dissolution cup in the cup hole according to the development. The present invention can quickly calibrate the coaxiality of the paddle shaft and the dissolution cup.

The invention discloses a soft capsule dissolution detection device with a self-cleaning function, the detection device comprises a tank body, an outer frame, an evaluation mechanism, a stirring mechanism, a cleaning mechanism, an aeration mechanism and a detection mechanism, the evaluation mechanism comprises an upper sample frame, the stirring mechanism comprises a lock pin disc, a first side frame and a layering mechanism, and the upper sample frame is fixedly connected with the lock pin disc; the layering mechanism is connected with the detection mechanism through a pipeline, the tank body is provided with an upper edge and aeration holes, the cleaning mechanism comprises an outer concave ring and a third motor, the outer frame is fixedly connected with the tank body, the aeration mechanism and the detection mechanism, the aeration holes are fixedly connected with the aeration mechanism, the first side frame and the third motor are fixedly connected with the upper edge, and the outer concave ring is rotationally connected with the upper edge; the invention relates to the technical field of capsule detection devices, samples of different prescriptions and processes can be distinguished and evaluated, the capsule content precipitation condition fits the reality through the simulated stomach bag wriggling effect, and rapid self-cleaning can be achieved.

The present invention provides a technology for predicting the level of PPO inhibition objectively and with high accuracy using LUMO distribution as a "molecular descriptor," and a technology for selecting a PPO inhibitor based on the predicted level of PPO inhibition. [Solution] The present invention provides a method for predicting PPO inhibitory activity based on the correlation between LUMO distribution and PPO inhibitory activity for each compound, predicting the level of PPO inhibitory activity based on the correlation between the difference in variation in PPO inhibitory activity between different plant species and the level of PPO inhibitory activity, and selecting PPO inhibitors using the predicted PPO inhibitory activity as an index.

The utility model discloses an acid-base property detection device for bioequivalence pre-test, and relates to the technical field of acid-base property detection, the acid-base property detection device comprises a machine body and a connecting pipe, the inner side of the machine body is provided with a first air cylinder, one side of the first air cylinder is fixedly connected with a connecting box, and the connecting box is internally provided with a second air cylinder. According to the acid-base property detection device for the bioequivalence pre-test, a second air cylinder can drive a PH detection head to leave a sample barrel, then a first air cylinder continues to push a connecting box to move, when a connecting block on a water tank on one side of the connecting box makes contact with the inclined face of an inclined opening block, the connecting block moves downwards and drives a connecting rod to extrude a spring, and the connecting rod is driven to rotate; when a connecting rod moves downwards, a piston plate is driven to pressurize cleaning liquid in a water tank, a baffle is closed under the action of water pressure, the cleaning liquid enters a spray head through a hose and is sprayed out to clean the PH detection head, and the cleaning liquid after cleaning flows into a waste liquid tank to be collected.

As a method for predicting the sensitivity of cancer cells to a helicase inhibitor, provided are: a method comprising a step for predicting that cancer cells have sensitivity to a helicase inhibitor when at least one mutation selected from a first group consisting of TTK mutation and RAD50 mutation is detected in the cancer cells; and a method comprising a step for predicting that cancer cells have sensitivity to a helicase inhibitor when at least one mutation selected from a second group consisting of the RAD50 mutation, MRE11 mutation, MBN mutation, DNA2 mutation, and RBBP8 mutation is detected in the cancer cells.

To assess the potential of a new chemical entity (NCE), compound or drug candidate to cause cholestatic hepatotoxicity in vivo.SOLUTION: A method of screening a compound for its potential to cause systemic or hepatic toxicity comprises the steps of: providing a compound to be screened; establishing a hepatic cell system (HCS) having a capacity for bile acid synthesis, bile acid transport and / or bile acid regulation; exposing the hepatic cell system (HCS) to a range of concentrations of a bile acid to determine a toxicity profile of the bile acid, where the bile acid toxicity profile comprises a toxicity potency; exposing the hepatic cell system (HCS) to a range of concentrations of a bile acid in the presence of the compound to be screened and determining a toxicity profile of the bile acid, where the bile acid toxicity profile comprises a toxicity potency; and comparing the toxicity potency of the bile acid to determine the susceptibility of the compound to cause systemic and / or hepatic toxicity.SELECTED DRAWING: None

The invention discloses a veterinary drug residue detection method, and relates to the technical field of veterinary drug residue detection, and the veterinary drug residue detection method comprises the following steps: firstly, based on preset sensitivity, carrying out veterinary drug residue detection on a detection sample, and obtaining veterinary drug residue information in the sample in real time; according to the method, the analysis set is established for the veterinary drug residue information obtained in real time, and the data information in the analysis set is preprocessed, so that the residue data is more accurate, and the reliability of subsequent feature extraction and analysis is ensured. According to the method, the dynamic sensitivity adjustment of the low-concentration veterinary drug residues is realized by combining the preset sensitivity preliminary detection and the machine learning model intelligent evaluation. The system flexibly adjusts sensitivity according to actual conditions of samples to ensure an optimal working state. Through real-time data acquisition, feature extraction and quantification and in combination with machine learning evaluation, low-concentration residues can be accurately identified, and the risk of missing detection is avoided. According to the method, the detection accuracy and reliability in a complex sample matrix are improved, and food safety and consumer health are effectively guaranteed.

The invention discloses a device and a method for collecting and inspecting pesticide residue components of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, and relates to the field of traditional Chinese medicinal material detection equipment, the device comprises a fixed cylinder, a centrifugal cylinder is movably connected in the fixed cylinder, and a crushing shaft penetrating to the lower part of the centrifugal cylinder is rotatably connected in the centrifugal cylinder. In the aspects of operation convenience and efficiency, the functions of crushing, extracting, centrifuging, cleaning and the like are integrated, a dispersed operation mode of traditional multi-independent-module equipment is abandoned, the operation process is greatly simplified, the equipment switching and joining time is shortened, the detection efficiency is improved, the labor intensity of workers is reduced, and the equipment cleaning and maintenance cost is reduced. The device and the method have the advantages that residual impurities in the device can be quickly and efficiently cleaned by the aid of ingenious deslagging and cleaning designs and the elastic cover plates, deslagging channels and rotary cleaning functions, accordingly, the risk of cross contamination can be reduced, the service life of the device can be prolonged, and efficient, accurate and convenient solution schemes can be provided for pesticide residue detection of traditional Chinese medicinal materials by the aid of the device and the method; the quality safety of traditional Chinese medicinal materials is powerfully guaranteed.

A closed-loop sampling system for drug dissolution by flow-through cell method and its use method, comprising a constant-temperature water bath system, a flow-through cell system, a lifting mechanism, a circulating heating system, a solvent monitoring system, a solvent circulation system and a sampling system; the constant-temperature water bath system includes a constant-temperature water bath frame, a constant-temperature water bath, a solvent cup holder, a solvent cup and a solvent cup cover; the flow-through cell system is arranged at the top of the constant-temperature water bath system; the lifting mechanism is arranged on one side of the constant-temperature water bath frame; the circulating heating system includes a heating device and a water circulation pump; the circulating inlet end of the solvent monitoring system is communicated with the heating device, and the circulating outlet end of the solvent monitoring system is respectively communicated with the solvent cup and the flow-through cell; the solvent circulation system includes a solvent circulation pump and a pulse valve; the sampling system includes a sampling mechanism, a sampling pipeline, a sampling valve and a sampling pump. The device of the present invention has a compact structure, high heating efficiency of the heating device, uniform water temperature distribution in the water bath, accurate water temperature control, and temperature and pressure monitoring of the solvent.

A model that closely resembles human excessive myopia can be prepared by mounting a minus lens (2) and a protector (4) to a juvenile mouse, the minus lens having an angle and a width adjustable in response to growth of the mouse. Further, this model analysis shows that myopia induction causes endoplasmic reticulum stress in a sclera and the endoplasmic reticulum stress induces myopia. Furthermore, it is revealed that an endoplasmic reticulum stress suppressant, particularly, phenylbutyrate and tauroursodeoxycholic acid act as a myopia prevention / suppression agent.

Provided is a novel biomarker for determining the onset of urolithiasis. This biomarker for determining the onset of urolithiasis is characterized by comprising at least one among calcium phosphate crystals and amorphous calcium phosphate in urine.

The invention discloses a microsphere-shaped ceftiofur hydrochloride nanoemulsion injection preparation device and a production process, and relates to the technical field of injection preparation equipment, and the microsphere-shaped ceftiofur hydrochloride nanoemulsion injection preparation device comprises a sterile tank body and a supporting piece; a first mounting frame and a second mounting frame are arranged on one side of the supporting piece, the first mounting frame is rotationally connected to the supporting piece, the second mounting frame is rotationally connected to the first mounting frame, the rotating axis of the first mounting frame is perpendicular to the rotating axis of the second mounting frame, and the sterile tank body is fixedly connected with the second mounting frame; the axis of the sterile tank body is eccentrically arranged relative to the rotating axis of the second mounting frame, and the sterile tank body rotates around the rotating axis of the first mounting frame while rotating along with the second mounting frame, so that the sterile tank body does three-dimensional compound motion in the space; a stirring disc is movably arranged in the sterile tank body, and the stirring disc can reciprocate in the sterile tank body along the axis direction of the sterile tank body by virtue of the gravity of the stirring disc. The device has the effects of enhancing the material mixing effect and the sampling randomness.