The invention discloses a rotary grinding machine chuck connection structure, and aims at solving the disadvantages that the current grinding machine chuck is inconvenient in clamping and detaching of components and has low working efficiency, and the components in the clamping and detaching processes are likely to impact a grinding machine. The rotary grinding machine chuck connection structure comprises a base and a chuck seat, wherein the chuck seat is connected with a chuck body; the base is provided with an arc supporting surface, the chuck seat is provided with an arc connection surface, the arc connection surface is provided with an arc slide rail, the arc supporting surface is provided with an arc sliding chute, the arc slide rail is connected with the interior of the arc sliding chute, the front side face of the arc slide rail is a limiting face, the limiting face of the slide rail is provided with a limiting slot, and the side face of the lower part of the limiting slot is a locking slope; the base is connected with a limiting column, the front end face of the limiting column is provided with a limiting head, the front end face of the limiting head is propped against the bottom of the limiting slot in a matching manner, a limiting slope is arranged on the limiting head, and the limiting slope is propped against the locking slope in the matching manner, and the front end face of the limiting column below the limiting head is propped against the limiting surface below the limiting slot in the matching manner.