The present invention provides a spectral imaging device based on adaptive optics. The device comprises a collimator (1), a tilting mirror (2), a wavefront corrector DM (3), a dichroic spectroscope (4), a wavefront detector (5), a wavefront controller (6), an imaging system (7), a telescope instant image surface (8), a relay optical system (9), a telescope secondary image surface (10), an image splitter (11), a slit (12), a collimating lens (13), a grating (14), an imaging lens (15), a detector (16) and a data processing and control computer (17). The spectral imaging device based on the adaptive optics employs the dispersion light splitting mode after the image surface cutting conversion so as to obtain the object spectrum and image information while the single exposure; and moreover, through combination of the adaptive optics technology, the wavefront detector is introduced to detect the aberration in real time, and the tilting mirror and the wavefront corrector are configured to perform real-time correction so as to solve the problems of the atmospheric disturbance and the non-scanning rapid obtaining of the three-dimensional information and especially fit for the measurement of a rapidly changing target.