The invention discloses a polishing device for a construction steel bar, comprising a bottom plate, a roller device, a magnet device, a support device, a polishing structure, a blowing device and a regulating device; the roller device comprises a first supporting rod, a first cushion block, a first cross rod, a first locating rod, an air cylinder, a first spring, a pushing rod, a supporting block and a first roller; the magnet device comprises a first magnet, a bent rod, a second magnet, a third magnet, a clamping rod and a second spring; the support device comprises a second supporting rod, a first inclined rod, a second cross rod, a third cross rod, a first vertical rod, a fourth cross rod, a fifth cross rod, a second vertical rod and a second inclined rod; the polishing structure comprises a moving rod, a polishing wheel, a baffle, a third vertical rod, a locating rack, a first support, a sixth cross rod, a third spring, a locating block and a fourth spring; and the blowing device comprises a fixed frame, a first connecting rod, a draught fan, a blow pipe and a blow hopper. The polishing device can be used for rapidly polishing the steel bar and is high in polishing efficiency.