The invention discloses an in-operation power transformer short circuit resisting ability comprehensive evaluation method. The method comprises the following steps: 1, evaluating an operation condition: evaluating in-operation transformer winding short circuit resisting ability accumulative effect from four factors including operation life limit, short circuit impact duration, short circuit impacttimes and short circuit impact current size; 2, winding deformation related test evaluation: evaluating transformer winding deformation condition through a low voltage impedance method, a frequency response method and an inter-winding capacitance measurement method; 3, checking in-operation transformer short circuit resisting ability; 4, performing comprehensive analysis according to evaluation results of the steps 1-3. The method provided by the invention solves technical problems in the prior art, for example, in the prior art, in the in-operation power transformer short circuit resisting ability comprehensive evaluation, actual operation conditions and periodic preset condition influence factors are not considered, when an in-operation old transformer cannot obtain structure parameters, evaluation thoughts and methods are not given.