The invention belongs to the technical field of medical diagnosis, and discloses a processing system and an information processing method for distinguishing pulmonary tuberculosis and tumor information. The processing system for distinguishing pulmonary tuberculosis and tumor information comprises a patient information acquisition module, a lung image acquisition module, a central control module,a lung image enhancement module, an image segmentation module, an image feature extraction module, an image retrieval module, a comparison module, a disease analysis module, a treatment scheme writingmodule, a diagnosis report generation module and a display module. Interference factors such as a human body trunk and a bed board are automatically removed through the image segmentation module, sothat a pulmonary parenchyma image can be rapidly and accurately extracted to better assist a doctor; meanwhile, through the image retrieval module, the efficiency of searching for the similar lung images by the doctor user is greatly improved, corresponding retrieval feature vectors are obtained according to different focus types contained in the to-be-retrieved images, similar sample lung imagesare retrieved based on the retrieval feature vectors, and therefore the lung image retrieval accuracy is improved.