49 results about "Standard test condition" patented technology

The invention discloses cigarette paper with low ignition tendency and a preparation method. The cigarette paper comprises common cigarette paper manufactured by a papermaking process; and a coating liquid film consisting of film forming agent, viscosity regulator and filler is printed on the inner surface of the common cigarette paper. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: (1) preparing the common cigarette paper of certain specification; (2) preparing the filler into 40 to 60 percent suspension, and stirring uniformly; (3) adding the viscosity regulator component into the (2) at normal temperature to prepare 2 to 4 mass percent aqueous solution, and stirring for 10 minutes; (4) adding the film forming agent component into the (3) at normal temperature to prepare 25 to 35 mass percent aqueous solution, and stirring for 20 minutes; and (5) adding the sizing material prepared in the (4) on the surface of the cigarette paper through a silk screen in certain interval by adopting a printing and coating mode. When the cigarette paper is burnt to a coated strip in the atmospheric environment, the cigarette has low extinguishing rate and even is not extinguished; and under the standard test condition, the filter paper of contact matrix has high extinguishing rate, and meanwhile, the cigarette paper has no obvious adverse effects on the cigarette smoke and the smoking quality.

The invention discloses a photovoltaic power generation system output power modeling and estimation method. The photovoltaic power generation system output power modeling method comprises the steps of establishing a photovoltaic module current-voltage characteristic model according to a solar cell current-voltage characteristic model, simplifying the photovoltaic module current-voltage characteristic model, and establishing a photovoltaic power generation system output power model according to the simplified photovoltaic module current-voltage characteristic model. The photovoltaic power generation system output power estimation method comprises the steps of establishing the photovoltaic power generation system output power model, acquiring characteristic parameters under photovoltaic module standard test conditions, obtaining parameters in the output power model, obtaining original meteorological parameters, correcting the meteorological parameters into photovoltaic module actual operating temperature and absorbed effective irradiation, and inputting the corrected meteorological parameters to the model to obtain photovoltaic module output power. By means of the photovoltaic power generation system output power modeling and estimation method, accurate estimation of output power of a photovoltaic power generation system can be realized, power station designers can be helped to carry out benefit analysis, and prediction of the output power of the photovoltaic power generation system is realized.

The invention provides a wide dynamic fusion method and device. The method includes the steps that under standard test conditions, a standard test target is exposed under different light rays for N times under different gains, and noise variance and brightness curves are obtained under the corresponding gains; M frames of images of a shot object at different shutter time are obtained; according to the noise variance and brightness curve under the current gain, a noise variance of a pixel point is determined, the size of a corresponding preprocessing filter template is determined according to the noise variance and filtering is carried out; according to the noise variance, the size of a denoising filter corresponding to the pixel point is determined and filtering is carried out; layered processing is carried out on each frame of the images after denoising, brightness information of the M frames of the images is fused, texture information of the M frames of the images is fused, the fused brightness information and the fused texture information are superposed, and a wide dynamic image is output. According to the wide dynamic fusion method and device, the image denoising effect is effectively improved, and the wide dynamic image can contain detail information as much as possible.

The invention provides a method and a device for detecting generation performance of a photovoltaic power generation system, and relates to the technical field of photovoltaic power generation. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining an active power value which is actually output by the photovoltaic power generation system and a theoretical power value of the photovoltaic power generation system and determining a generation performance index of the photovoltaic power generation system; obtaining the generating capacity of the photovoltaic power generation system within a preset time period, the nominal power sum of photovoltaic modules of the photovoltaic power generation system, the irradiation intensity under a standard test condition and the inclined mean effective radiation received by the photovoltaic modules of the photovoltaic power generation system within the preset time period and determining a generating efficiency value of the photovoltaic power generation system; and determining the generation performance state of the photovoltaic power generation system according to the generation performance index of the photovoltaic power generation system and the generating efficiency value of the photovoltaic power generation system and determining whether the photovoltaic power generation system meets an inspection and maintenance condition or not. The method and the device can solve the problems that a failure of generating equipment cannot be easily judged in advance and an outage failure of the generating equipment cannot be easily avoided in the prior art.

To provide a measuring method capable of measuring even a large-area stacked photoelectric conversion device such as a module or array either indoors or outdoors and accurately measuring the photoelectric conversion characteristics using an inexpensive measuring system, the photoelectric conversion characteristics of a photoelectric conversion device under irradiation light in a plurality of spectral states and a shift of the short-circuit current of each component cell of the photoelectric conversion device from the standard test condition are estimated, and the measured photoelectric conversion characteristics and the estimated shift are compared, thereby obtaining the photoelectric conversion characteristics of the photoelectric conversion device in the standard test conditions.

For the multi-source method suitable to measure the photoelectric conversion characteristics of a stacked solar cell, the light-receiving area of the solar cell to be measured is limited to the minimal area of laboratory level, and it is hard to measure a cell, module, or array having an area more than 400 cm2. To cope with this problem, the irradiance of irradiation light is measured or adjusted, the current vs. voltage characteristic of a reference cell is measured, and the current vs. voltage characteristic of a sample cell is measured. Next, the current vs. voltage characteristic of the reference cell in standard test conditions is compared with the measurement result of the current vs. voltage characteristic of the reference cell, thereby obtaining a shift of the measurement result from the standard test condition on the basis of the shift of the irradiation light from the standard test condition. On the basis of the obtained shift of the measurement result, the measurement result of the current vs. voltage characteristic of the sample cell is corrected, and the photoelectric conversion characteristics of the sample cell are obtained.

A composition comprising a core comprising at least one oxygen-sensitive liquid natural pharmaceutically or nutritionally active agent absorbed or adsorbed onto an absorbent, an intermediate layer, comprising an interfacial tension adjusting polymer, wherein said interfacial tension adjusting polymer is characterized by an aqueous solution of 0.1% having a surface tension lower than 60 mN / m when measured at 25 C, andat least one barrier coating layer comprising a polymer having oxygen transmission rate of less than 1000 cc / m2 / 24 hr measured at standard test conditions and a water vapor transmission rate of less than 400 g / m2 / day.

The invention relates to the technical field of new energy power generation and discloses a modeling method for an engineering mathematical model of a solar cell. On the basis of a theoretical mathematical model of a silicon solar cell, only four standard reference technical parameters supplied by a manufacturer under a standard testing condition need to be taken into consideration, corresponding compensation factors are introduced and influences of series resistance parameters at any light intensity and cell temperature are also taken into consideration to improve the accuracy of the model; and through calculation, an improved modeling method for the engineering mathematical model of the solar cell is deduced. Compared with other models, the model has the advantages as follows: the influences of series resistance parameters at any light intensity and cell temperature are taken into consideration, so that the accuracy of the model can be obviously improved. The calculation error of the mathematical model under an actual environment is lower than the error range of less than 6% in engineering practice, so that engineering application requirements can be preferably satisfied. The modeling method for the engineering mathematical model of the solar cell, provided by the invention, can be widely applied to simulation study and system design of photovoltaic power generation systems.

The invention discloses a rotary compressor inspiration structure. The structure comprises a motor, a compressor body, and an inspiration tube assembly connected to the compressor body, wherein the minimum diameter of air inlets corresponding with the inspiration tube assembly and in the compressor body is d, the apparent work volume of the rotary compressor is set as V, the refrigerating capacity of a unit mass refrigerant in the rotary compressor is set as q, the rotation speed of the motor is n, and the specific volume of the refrigerant under a Chinese standard test condition is v; and for any refrigerant, the minimum diameter of the air inlets in the compressor body under Chinese standards satisfies a case that units of d, V, q, n and v are mm, cm<3>, J / kg, r / min and m<3> / kg respectively.

The invention discloses an olfactory analog instrument-oriented gas sensor selection, replacement and correction method. The method is characterized in that a standard liquid-state sample, standard headspace volatile gas and a standard testing condition are determined; the most sensitive gas sensors or the gas sensors with the maximum differences are selected from a plurality of gas sensors of the same type according to the size of steady-state voltage response of the standard headspace volatile gas to form a gas sensor array; a gas sensor replacement standard and method based on the relative error for the steady-state response of the standard headspace volatile gas are determined under the long-term working condition; a timely correction method for each gas sensor is provided for the long-term working condition; the gas sensor is easily and practically selected, replaced and corrected on the basis of the existing olfactory analog instrument. The problem of initial selection of a plurality of gas sensors in the olfactory analog instrument and the problems of correction and replacement caused by reasons such as baseline drift, poisoning and damage within the life period of the instrument are solved.

The invention discloses a test method for light attenuation of a photovoltaic module, comprising the following steps of: S1, selecting the photovoltaic module and performing initial test, and measuring the short circuit current Isc of the photovoltaic module under standard test condition; S2, opening an environment box, and preheating an xenon lamp with full spectrum to allow the irradiation to be stable; S3, putting the photovoltaic module in the S1 into the environment box, measuring the instantaneous short circuit current I instantaneous sc when the photovoltaic module enters the box, and meanwhile working out the immediate irradiation of the photovoltaic module according to a formula, and obtaining the period to be tested according to the immediate irradiation; S4, after the test in the S3 is completed, taking out the photovoltaic module and performing the power output test and EL test. According to the test method provided by the invention, the influence of optical radiation to the attenuation of the photovoltaic module is assessed through measuring the power attenuation of the photovoltaic module after optical radiation by the photovoltaic module, and thereby the performance of the photovoltaic module is assessed.

The invention discloses a method of measuring series internal resistance of photovoltaic cells under any light intensity and any temperature, and belongs to the technical field of new energy power generation. As for the method, according to four standard reference technical parameters of a solar cell, the series internal resistance of the photovoltaic cells under any light intensity and any temperature is measured approximately by introducing corresponding compensation factors. The method comprises the steps that according to the four standard parameters of the solar cell, the series internal resistance of the photovoltaic cells is measured under a standard test condition; the compensation factors corresponding to the four standard parameters are introduced, and four new technical parameters under the solar light intensity and the cell temperature are obtained; the new technical parameters are introduced to the first step, and an estimated value of the series internal resistance of the photovoltaic cells under any light intensity and any temperature is measured. According to the method, an error between the estimated value and an actually measured value is lower than the range of being smaller than 6% required in engineering practice, and the engineering application accuracy requirement can be met well. The method can be applied to theoretical analysis, design and manufacturing of the photovoltaic cells and have good engineering application value.

The invention discloses an Ergun theory-based prediction method for breathability of parachute cloth fabric. The method adopts the steps of (1), simplifying the Ergun formula in the breathability theoretical calculation according to the features of the parachute cloth fabric, so as to obtain a calculation formula for relative breathability under the standard test conditions; (2), obtaining a simplified Ergun breathability coefficient; (3), obtaining a breathability equation of the parachute cloth fabric and predicting the breathability of the parachute cloth fabric according to the breathability equation. Better prediction on the breathability of various parachute cloth fabrics in the medium-low pressure difference can be performed under the condition of insufficient test data, and the breathability performance of the parachute cloth fabric can be conveniently and fast predicated in the work process of a parachute.

The invention provides an outdoor testing method for a photovoltaic module, and the method comprises the steps: setting a reference IV curve under the standard testing conditions; collecting an IV curve of a detected photovoltaic module and the environment data of the detected photovoltaic module; obtaining a standard testing condition IV curve converted according to the environment data, and theopen-circuit voltage Voc and short-circuit current Isc on the IV curve; comparing the reference IV curve with the open-circuit voltage Voc and short-circuit current Isc, and obtaining an effective irradiance error and a battery temperature error; and correcting the IV curve of the detected photovoltaic module according to the effective irradiance error and the battery temperature error. The methodintroduces a reference photovoltaic module and the reference IV curve of the reference photovoltaic module under the standard testing conditions, combines the outdoor irradiance error and battery temperature error, achieves the correction of the IV curve of the detected photovoltaic module, reduces the impact from the calibration process of an irradiance meter and spectrum matching, and achievesthe precise measurement of the outdoor I-V characteristics of a crystalline silicon photovoltaic module.

The present invention relates to an alpha-Fe2O3 photo-anode and a preparation method thereof, the alpha-Fe2O3 photo-anode uses alpha-Fe2O3 as a light absorption layer, and uses Fe3O4, FeO and Fe as a conductive substrate. A direct high temperature fast oxidation method is used to prepare the photo-anode which comprises the conductive substrate and doped or non-doped alpha-Fe2O3, the doped or non-doped alpha-Fe2O3 as a light active layer is closely contacted with the conductive substrate, has good photoelectrocatalytic activity, under the AM1.5 standard test conditions, and relative to the reversible hydrogen electrode 1.23V, 0.63mA / cm2 can be achieved. Unlike publicly reported methods, the raw material of the method is easy to get, the whole photo-anode preparation process is fast, and large scale preparation is easy to realize. The photo-electrode can be used for the use of the decomposition of water for preparation of hydrogen, reduction of carbon dioxide, and the photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds, and the like.

Provided is a coach energy consumption data collection device adopting a CAN bus. The coach energy consumption data collection device comprises a power supply voltage stabilizing unit, an intelligent unit, a system reset unit, a data storage unit, a debugging interface, a display unit, an acceleration detection unit, a CAN interface unit, a communication interface level conversion unit, a coach load signal unit, a wireless communication module and a PC RS-232 interface. The intelligent unit detects a load of a coach and a three-axis acceleration signal, and the three-axis inclination angle is calculated through three-axis acceleration data; data of the speed of the coach, the consumed fuel quantity, the fuel consumption rate and the like are read through the CAN interface unit, collected data is analyzed and processed according to an algorithm designed by software, and the real-time effective fuel consumption rate is obtained; meanwhile, data meeting the standard test condition is screened out, and related data is displayed through the display unit. The coach energy consumption data collection device has the advantages that coach energy consumption related data can be collected rapidly in real time and transmitted to a data processing center, full-automatic coach energy consumption data analyzing, processing and assessing can be achieved conveniently, and the work efficiency and data accuracy are improved.

The invention provides a method and apparatus for acquiring a battery performance parameter. The method comprises: acquiring a first mapping relationship between a standard state of charge (SOC) and adisplay SOC; acquiring a first display SOC currently displayed on a screen; according to the first display SOC and the first mapping relationship, acquiring a first standard SOC corresponding to thefirst display SOC; and on the basis of the first standard SOC, inquiring a second mapping relationship between the standard SOC and a battery performance parameter and acquiring a battery performanceparameter corresponding to the first standard SOC and displaying the obtained parameter. With the method provided by the invention, flexible calculation of related performance parameters of the SOC isrealized by using the tested data fully under the circumstance that performance parameter testing is carried out once only based on the standard testing condition, so that repeated testing for different usage zones is avoided and thus consumption of testing resources is reduced. A technical problem that lots of testing resources are consumed because performance parameters are tested again for each change of an available capacity window is solved.

The invention discloses a simplified photovoltaic module double-diode model modeling and parameter extraction method which is characterized by comprising the following steps: 1) establishing a double-diode model of a photovoltaic module according to an output characteristic equation of a double-diode equivalent circuit of a solar cell; 2) simplifying seven parameters in the double-diode model of the photovoltaic module into four parameters to obtain a simplified model; 3) solving parameters of the simplified model through nameplate parameters provided by a manufacturer to obtain an output characteristic curve of the component under a standard test condition; and 4) extrapolating the output characteristic curve of the photovoltaic module under the standard test condition to any irradiance according to the environmental parameters. By adopting the method, the problems of difficulty in solving parameters of a double-diode model of a traditional photovoltaic module and difficulty in solving all model parameters from nameplate parameters provided by a manufacturer are solved, and the output characteristics of the photovoltaic module in different environments are accurately described.

The invention discloses a system and method for estimating quantum efficiency of a double-sided solar cell and an emitter thereof, and relates to the technical field of a solar cell device and method.The system comprises a xenon flash lamp, a filtering wheel, a light attenuation piece, a solar cell to be tested, a standard silicon detector, a standard test circuit, an inductor coupling circuit, signal acquisition equipment and a PC. An electrical parameter of a front surface and a short-circuit current of a rear surface of the double-sided solar cell are tested by employing the standard testcircuit, two new parameters are introduced to processing double-sided performance of the cell, so that the double-sided solar cell is represented under a standard test condition (STC); the minority carrier lifetime under dual wavelengths of a surface of the solar cell is tested by employing the inductor coupling circuit according to a quasi-steady-state photoelectric technology, and the representation of the solar cell emitter is achieved to obtain the quantum absorption efficiency; and the system and the method have the characteristics of rapid and accurate test, simple and compact structure,multiple functions and real-time on-line detection.

The invention relates to a system for monitoring a fuel consumption index of a passenger vehicle. The system comprises a passenger vehicle fuel consumption acquisition device, a communication network and a data processing center. An intelligent unit in the passenger vehicle fuel consumption acquisition device acquires data related to energy consumption of the passenger vehicle, the data is analyzed and processed according to an algorithm designed by software, and the data conforming to a standard test condition is screened; the related data is transmitted to the data processing center by a wireless communication module through the communication network, and processed by monitoring software of the data processing center, and then the related fuel consumption data of the passenger vehicle is displayed in real time, and the historical data query function and automatic daily report, monthly report and annual report generation functions are provided; the warning information that the passenger vehicle fuel consumption exceeds the standard is given by comparing the monitoring data with the fuel consumption limit standard so that the fully automatic analysis , processing and evaluation of energy consumption data of the passenger vehicle are realized.

The earphone test method comprises the following steps: placing an earphone sample under a first standard test condition to obtain a first test parameter; placing the earphone sample under a second standard test condition to obtain a second test parameter; obtaining a transfer function according to the first test parameter and the second test parameter; placing the to-be-tested earphone under a second standard test condition to obtain performance test parameters of the to-be-tested earphone; correcting the performance test parameter according to the transfer function to obtain a standard testparameter of the earphone to be tested; calculating an EQ compensation parameter of the earphone to be tested according to the standard test parameter, wherein under a first standard test condition, the earphone sample extends into a test fixture configured with a standard microphone or an ear simulator, and under the second standard test condition, the earphone sample or the earphone to be testedand the standard microphone are arranged at intervals. Also disclosed is an earphone. According to the invention, the performance test parameter is converted into the standard test parameter simulating the real wearing effect according to the transfer function to carry out EQ compensation, so that the consistency of the earphone performance and the standard performance can be fully ensured.

The invention discloses a test method for a super junction device. The method comprises steps that two test data files are established before the start of the test procedure; a contact Kelvin test isperformed; a chip passing the test is subjected to the next test; an initial gate and source leakage test is performed, and the test result IGSS0 is outputted to a file A; a drain and source leakage test is performed, firstly, the breakdown voltage pre-test is performed, a breakdown voltage value of a device is tested under the wide test condition, the drain and source leakage test is then performed, if the test result is not up to standards, the next jump downgrade test is performed; the drain and source leakage test condition is modified, the test is repeated; the breakdown voltage test is performed; the conductive on-resistance RDSON test is performed, screening is performed according to the standard test condition, and the test result is outputted to the file A; if the test does not pass the standard test condition, the jump downgrade test is performed; S8, the gate and source leakage test and the drain and source leakage test are repeated, and the test results IGSSF and IDSSF areoutputted to the file A; if the test does not pass, the chip is directly removed.

The invention discloses a method for testing a photovoltaic module through infrared imagery analysis. The method comprises the following steps: step 1, detecting the appearance of the photovoltaic module, and then testing the power output of the photovoltaic module under the standard testing condition, and testing the open-circuit voltage Uoc and short-circuit current Isc of the photovoltaic module under the standard testing condition; step 2, charging the photovoltaic module with current and voltage by a supply unit, wherein U larger than (1+3%)Uoc, and I is smaller than Isc, and after the component is thermally balanced, shooting the infrared image of the photovoltaic module by a thermal infrared imager; step 3, selecting the temperature testing range according to the infrared image, and calculating the temperature difference between the highest temperature and the average temperature of the photovoltaic module. After the photovoltaic module is powered on to achieve the thermal balance, the infrared image is shot by the thermal infrared imager, and the temperature difference between the highest temperature and the average temperature of the photovoltaic module is calculated, so as to evaluate the capability of withstanding high temperature of the photovoltaic module, and have guiding significance in reduction and prevention of a hot-spot phenomenon.

The invention discloses an indoor testing system for a low-power condensing assembly. The indoor testing system comprises a transient I-V characteristic tester and an adjustable condenser, wherein the transient I-V characteristic tester and the adjustable condenser are opposite in position; the adjustable condenser comprises a reflecting material, a fixed bracket, an adjusting slide bar and a rotatable reflecting plate; one end of the adjusting slide bar is movably connected with the fixed bracket; the other end of the adjusting slide bar is movably connected with the back surface of the rotatable reflecting plate; and the reflecting material is arranged on the front side of the rotatable reflecting plate. According to the indoor testing system for the low-power condensing assembly disclosed by the invention, by virtue of the adjustable condenser which can be flexibly adjusted, the low-power condensing conditions of 1 to n times can be simulated; and by virtue of a novel indoor testing method, I-V characteristics of the assembly in the condensing condition can be tested in the standard test condition of a photovoltaic assembly; and the adjustable condenser can be used by matching with a conventional I-V characteristic tester, so that the applicability is high.

The invention discloses a photovoltaic array fault discrimination method based on real-time calculation and comparison of voltage of a photovoltaic module. The method comprises the following steps: step 1, calculating actual sun irradiance G and temperature TC of a position in a photovoltaic array by using information of the photovoltaic array running at a maximum power point; step 2, calculating actual physical parameter values of the photovoltaic module under the actual solar irradiance G and the temperature TC by utilizing the physical parameter values of the photovoltaic module under the standard test condition; step 3, calculating a corresponding photovoltaic module voltage according to the string current in the photovoltaic array; and step 4, performing photovoltaic array fault detection according to the difference between the actually measured voltage value and the calculated voltage value of the photovoltaic array string; the technical problems that in the prior art, blind areas exist in protection of photovoltaic arrays and assemblies, and the sensitivity and reliability of protection cannot be guaranteed are solved.

The invention provides a method for detecting the simulation efficiency of a solar photoelectric module. The method comprises the steps of measuring the actual power generation efficiency of the solarphotoelectric module under an actual use condition; calculating the optimal power generation efficiency of the solar photoelectric module under the actual use condition according to a formula (A), wherein the formula (A) is as follows: QA=S*(F / 1000)*[1-C*(T-TS)]; calculating the efficiency ratio of the actual power generation efficiency to the optimal power generation efficiency of the solar photoelectric module according to a formula (B), wherein the formula (B) is as follows: WA=Q / QA; and correcting the efficiency ratio for different illumination intensities based on a correction table to simulate the power generation efficiency ratio of the solar photoelectric module under a standard test condition, wherein QA is the optimal power generation efficiency under the actual use condition, Sis the rated power, F is the measured illumination intensity, C is the power temperature coefficient, T is the actual temperature, TS is the standard temperature, WA is the efficiency ratio of the actual power generation efficiency to the optimal power generation efficiency of the solar photoelectric module, and Q is the actual power generation efficiency.

The invention discloses a system and method for estimating quantum efficiency of a double-sided solar cell and an emitter thereof, and relates to the technical field of a solar cell device and method.The system comprises a xenon flash lamp, a filtering wheel, a light attenuation piece, a solar cell to be tested, a standard silicon detector, a standard test circuit, an inductor coupling circuit, signal acquisition equipment and a PC. An electrical parameter of a front surface and a short-circuit current of a rear surface of the double-sided solar cell are tested by employing the standard testcircuit, two new parameters are introduced to processing double-sided performance of the cell, so that the double-sided solar cell is represented under a standard test condition (STC); the minority carrier lifetime under dual wavelengths of a surface of the solar cell is tested by employing the inductor coupling circuit according to a quasi-steady-state photoelectric technology, and the representation of the solar cell emitter is achieved to obtain the quantum absorption efficiency; and the system and the method have the characteristics of rapid and accurate test, simple and compact structure,multiple functions and real-time on-line detection.

The invention discloses a method for modeling and estimating the output power of a photovoltaic power generation system. The method for modeling the output power of the photovoltaic power generation system includes: establishing a current-voltage characteristic model of a photovoltaic module according to a current-voltage characteristic model of a solar cell; simplifying the current-voltage characteristic model of a photovoltaic module; The output power model of photovoltaic power generation system is established according to the simplified current and voltage characteristic model of photovoltaic modules. The method for estimating the output power of a photovoltaic power generation system includes: creating a photovoltaic power generation system output power model; obtaining the characteristic parameters of the photovoltaic module under standard test conditions, and solving the parameters in the output power model; obtaining the original meteorological parameters; correcting the meteorological parameters to the actual working conditions of the photovoltaic module Temperature and absorbed effective radiation; input the corrected meteorological parameters into the model to solve the output power of photovoltaic modules. The invention can realize accurate estimation of the output power of the photovoltaic power generation system, help power station designers to conduct benefit analysis, and realize the output power prediction of the photovoltaic power generation system.

Disclosed is a photovoltaic module which includes a plurality of stacked unit cells and is encapsulated by an encapsulant and is designed such that an initial short circuit current of the photovoltaic module under standard test conditions is determined by the initial short circuit current of a top cell or a bottom cell among the plurality of the unit cells in accordance with a nominal operating cell temperature of the photovoltaic module.