326 results about "Standard state" patented technology

An object of the invention is to improve a directionality of a hit ball. The invention provides a golf club head (1) having a face portion (3), a crown portion (4), a sole portion (5) and a side portion (6). The golf club head includes a head base body (M) made of a metal material and provided with at least one opening portion (O), and a cover body (FR) arranged in the opening portion (O) and made of a lower specific gravity material having a specific gravity smaller than the metal material. In a head toe side portion (1t) and a head heel side portion (1h) virtually sectioned by a vertical surface (VP) including a normal line (N) drawn from a head gravity point (G) to a face surface (2) in a standard state, a surface area (St) of the cover body (FR) covering the opening portion (O) included in the head toe side portion (1t) is made larger than a surface area (Sh) of the cover body (FR) covering the opening portion included in the head heel side portion (1h), and a weight (Wh) of the head heel side portion (1h) is set to 55 to 75% of the entire weight (W) of the head.

Disclosed is a driver circuit, as well as a LCD device having the driver circuit, in which changeover between first and second buffer circuits the operating ranges of which extend to high- and low-potential power supply voltages can be performed reliably within the drive changeover range. The driver circuit includes first and second buffer circuits having their input terminals connected in common with one input terminal to which an input signal voltage is input and having their output terminals connected in common with an output terminal, the first and second buffer circuits having operating ranges that extend to high- and low-potential power supply voltages, respectively; first and second storage units for storing respectively positive- and negative-polarity reference data, which correspond to voltages within a range in which both of the first and second buffer circuits are operable, with regard to each of a standard state and modulated state of a gamma characteristic; a selector for selecting either of the storage units based upon a polarity signal, and selectively outputting reference data corresponding to the standard or modulated state based upon modulation information that specifies modulation; and a comparator for comparing entered data and the reference data output from the selector. Activation and deactivation of the first and second buffer circuits is controlled based upon an output signal from the comparator and a control signal.

This invention discloses new methods, security devices and apparatuses for authenticating documents and valuable articles which may be applied to any support, including transparent synthetic materials and traditional opaque materials such as paper. The invention relates to moire intensity profiles which occur in the superposition of specially designed random structures. By using specially designed random basic screen and random master screen, where at least the basic screen is comprised in the document, a moire intensity profile of a chosen shape becomes visible in their superposition, thereby allowing the authentication of the document. An important advantage of the present invention is that it can be incorporated into the standard document printing process, so that it offers high security at the same cost as standard state of the art document production. Another major advantage of the present invention is in its intrinsically incorporated encryption system due to the arbitrary choice of the random number sequences for the generation of the specially designed random dot screens that are used in this invention.

The invention discloses a deep desulfurization method of sulfate acid tail gas. The method additionally arranges a desulfurization tower behind a second adsorption tower of a sulphuric acid device; after the waste gas discharged from the second adsorption tower enters the desulfurization tower, an ammoniation absorbent is used for adsorbing SO2 in the waste gas to generate ammonium sulfite; the tail gas after the desulfurization passes through a demisting layer in the tower to eliminate acid fog; the purified tail gas is discharged through a chimney at high altitude; the ammonium sulfite in the absorbent is aerated and oxidized to be ammonium sulfate solution at the bottom of the tower; and after the concentration of circulation liquid ammonium sulfate meets the requirement, the circulation liquid ammonium sulfate is sent to a follow-up process to be processed and used. The deep desulfurization method of sulfate acid tail gas can cause the concentration of the SO2 in the tail gas to be lower than 100mg / m<3> in a standard state, greatly reduces the emission of the SO2 in the tail gas, is beneficial to the improvement of the atmospheric environment quality, meets the construction principles of energy conservation, emission reduction and sustainable development and has good social benefits; in addition, the deep desulfurization method can increase the recovery amount of the ammonium sulfate, and has certain economic benefits.

Disclosed is a driver circuit, as well as a LCD device having the driver circuit, in which changeover between first and second buffer circuits the operating ranges of which extend to high- and low-potential power supply voltages can be performed reliably within the drive changeover range. The driver circuit includes first and second buffer circuits having their input terminals connected in common with one input terminal to which an input signal voltage is input and having their output terminals connected in common with an output terminal, the first and second buffer circuits having operating ranges that extend to high- and low-potential power supply voltages, respectively; first and second storage units for storing respectively positive- and negative-polarity reference data, which correspond to voltages within a range in which both of the first and second buffer circuits are operable, with regard to each of a standard state and modulated state of a gamma characteristic; a selector for selecting either of the storage units based upon a polarity signal, and selectively outputting reference data corresponding to the standard or modulated state based upon modulation information that specifies modulation; and a comparator for comparing entered data and the reference data output from the selector. Activation and deactivation of the first and second buffer circuits is controlled based upon an output signal from the comparator and a control signal.

A fluid supply apparatus with a plurality of flow lines branching out from one regulator for adjustment of pressure, the flow lines being arranged in parallel, wherein a measure is taken that the operation, that is, opening or closing of one flow passage will have no transient effect on the steady flow of the other flow passages. For this purpose, each flow passage is provided with a time delay-type mass flow controller MFC so that when one closed fluid passage is opened, the mass flow controller on that flow passage reaches a set flow rate Qs in a specific delay time DELTAt from the starting point. Also provided are a method and an apparatus for the above in which a plurality of gas types can be controlled in flow rate with high precision by one pressure-type flow control system. To that end, a formula for calculating the flow rate of a gas is theoretically derived that flows with a pressure ratio not higher than the critical pressure ratio. From that formula, the flow factor is defined, so that the formula may be applied to a number of gas types using flow factors. The method includes calculating the flow rate Qc of a gas passing through an orifice according to formula Qc=KP1 (K=constant) with a pressure P1 on an upstream side of the orifice set at twice or more higher than pressure P2 on a downstream side, wherein the flow factor FF for each kind of gas is calculated as follows: <paragraph lvl="0"><in-line-formula>FF=(k / gammas){2 / (kappa+1)}1 / (kappa-1)[kappa / {(kappa+1)R}]½< / in-line-formula>and wherein, if the calculated flow rate of gas type A is QA, and, when gas type B is allowed to flow through the same orifice under the same pressure on the upstream side and at the same temperature on the upstream side, the flow rate QB is calculated as follows: <paragraph lvl="0"><in-line-formula>QB=(FFB / FFA)QA < / in-line-formula>where gammas=concentration of gas in standard state; kappa=ratio of specific heat of gas; R=constant of gas; K=proportional constant not depending on the type of gas; FFA=flow factor of gas type A; and FFB=flow factor of gas type B.

The invention discloses a real-time evaluation method for the health state of a wind turbine unit. The method comprises the steps that firstly, on the basis of historical running data of the wind turbine unit, running work condition dividing of the wind turbine unit is achieved by applying a clustering technology, and standard state cloud models of the wind turbine unit under all work conditions are calculated; secondly, work condition identification is conducted on real-time data stream of the wind turbine unit through a stream-type clustering algorithm, and cloud models of the real-time states of the unit are calculated; thirdly, deviation values between the cloud models of the real-time states and the standard state cloud models are calculated and taken as health indexes of the wind turbine unit; lastly, the health state of the wind turbine unit is evaluated according to the magnitude of the health indexes. According to the method, the running states of the wind turbine unit are described through the cloud models, the health state and the development tendency of the wind turbine unit are acquired by introducing a time window method, therefore, the uncertainty of state monitoring information of the wind turbine unit is fully taken into account, the accuracy of an evaluation result is greatly improved, and powerful support can be provided for making a wind turbine unit maintenance plan.

The invention relates to a method for measuring system air leakage rate of a sintering machine in metallurgy. The invention discloses a method for measuring the system air leakage rate of the sintering machine. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, by measuring charge level air speeds at different parts of a machine pallet of the sintering machine, the effective air quantity(Q[inlet]) entering a sinter layer is worked out, by measuring the air speed in a main duct in front of an electrostatic dust collector, the total air quality(Q[total]) pumped in the main duct by an air exhauster is worked out, and by the water content in mixing material, the content of the air converted into vapor is worked out; secondly, the air qualities(Q[total standard], Q[inlet standard] and Q[water standard]) at the standard state are converted all together; and finally, the air leakage rate(B) is worked out according to the formula. The measuring method has strong operability and can overcome the defects of inconvenient measurement, big measurement error and complex air analysis existing in daily production and the defect existing in prior art that the local air leakage rate can only be measured by the air leakage point air speed measuring method. In a word, the method has the advantages of easy operation, accurate measurement and good use effect.

A detection apparatus includes a sample holding section, an irradiation means, a detection means, a calculation means, and an evaluation means. The irradiation means irradiates a substance held in the sample holding section with a THz wave. The detection unit detects a THz wave passed through or reflected from the substance. The calculation unit determines a frequency dependence of a property of the substance with respect to the irradiated THz wave and then calculates a slope of a straight line or a slope of a straight line obtained by straight-line approximation of the frequency dependence of the property of the substance. The evaluation unit evaluates the state change of the substance by comparing a previously-obtained slope of a straight line of the frequency dependence of the property of the substance in a standard state and the slope of the straight line of the substance calculated.

The invention relates to a catalysis wet-type oxidation treatment method for sulfur-containing wastewater, which is mainly used for solving the problems of biological inhibition, not high removal rate of COD (chemical oxygen demand) and complex technique for treating sulfur-containing wastewater. In the method, industrial wastewater of which the COD value is 2000mg / l to 200000mg / l and the sulfur content is less than 70g / l and gases containing elemental oxygen are taken as raw materials which are in contact with a catalyst under the conditions that the reaction temperature is 230 to 300 DEG C, the reaction pressure is 3 to 10MPa, the liquid space velocity is 0.5 to 2.5h<-1> and the volume ratio in a standard state of the gas and liquid materials is (70-300):1, and therefore, the removal rate of the COD is larger than 95% and sulfurs in the wastewater are all converted into sulfate ions, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one oxide carrier selected from TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2 or ZrO2 and at least one metal or oxide carried on the oxide carrier and selected from Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir or Rh in parts by weight. The problems are nicely solved with the technical scheme, and the catalysis wet-type oxidation treatment method for sulfur-containing wastewater can be used in the industrial treatment of sulfur-containing industrial wastewater.

The invention provides a photovoltaic power generation planning method for a photovoltaic power generation system. The method includes the following steps: (a) obtaining an estimated power generation of the photovoltaic power generation system according to a formula, wherein HA is the amount of a total horizontal solar irradiation, Es is the sunlight intensity under the standard state, PAZ is the installed capacity of the photovoltaic system and K is a combined efficiency coefficient; the combined efficiency coefficient comprises a component type correction coefficient, a photovoltaic array obliquity and azimuth correction coefficient, a photovoltaic power generation system availability coefficient, a sunlight utilization rate coefficient, an inverter efficiency coefficient, a photovoltaic module surface contamination correction coefficient, and a photovoltaic module conversion efficiency correction coefficient; and (b) adjusting the actual power generation of the photovoltaic power generation system according to the estimated power generation. The photovoltaic power generation planning method of the invention takes the whole photovoltaic power generation into overall consideration to determine the combined efficiency coefficient K, so that the obtained combined efficiency coefficient K is more accurate.

The invention discloses a device for controlling anti-surging of a blast blower, which comprises a sensor module, a standard flow conversion module, a dynamic anti-surging control module, an anti-surging adjuster and an execution mechanism. The invention also discloses a method for controlling the anti-surging, which comprises the following steps: step one, measuring temperature and pressure of an inlet and pressure of an outlet; step two, converting flow of the inlet into the flow in a standard state; step three, calculating a dynamic anti-surging control curve according to the temperature and the pressure of the inlet and a static anti-surging control curve; step four, finding out anti-surging control pressure corresponding to the converted flow in the standard state according to the dynamic anti-surging control curve, and outputting an anti-surging control signal when the pressure of the outlet is equal to or larger than the anti-surging control pressure; and step five, controlling a normal operation point of the operation of the blast blower according to the anti-surging control signal. The method establishes the dynamic anti-surging control curve and realizes the anti-surging control under different ambient temperatures and pressure states.

The invention provides a GIS (Geographic Information System) state evaluation method based on a standard state analysis and a GIS state evaluation device based on standard state analysis. The method comprises the following steps: evaluating the health degree of GIS from the aspects of equipment aging, equipment strength and power grid strength according to key state quantity of the GIS, so as to obtain the health degree index BI of the GIS; evaluating the equipment importance degree of the GIS from the aspect of the power grid performance, the safety performance and the repair capacity according to equipment basic parameters of the GIS, so as to obtain the importance degree index MI; calculating a risk degree index in a risk matrix by virtue of mutual contact of associated models according to the index BI and the index MI; realizing priority ranking of equipment based on the importance degree and health degree two-dimension indexes according to the risk degree index and supervising an overhaul decision. The invention provides a 'standard state' analysis method aiming at GIS equipment. The method can be used for accurately learning of the equipment sate, realizing ranking of equipment basic performances from good to bad and realizing the purpose of guiding and executing decision making.

The invention provides a high-efficiency multifunctional water-base fire resistant fluid and a preparation method thereof. The high-efficiency multifunctional water-base fire resistant fluid is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in portion by mass: 10 to 20 portions of ammonium phosphate salts, 4 to 8 portions of boron compounds, 1 to 3 portions of tri-n-butylamine, 2 to 8 portions of glucose, 3 to 5 portions of tertiary amine, 3 to 5 portions of urea, 1 to 3 portions of penetrant, 1 to 2 portions of surfactant, 0 to 1 portion of softener and 40 to 80 portions of water. The high-efficiency multifunctional water-base fire resistant fluid has the characteristics of clearness, achromatism, transparency, neutrality, low smoke, non-toxicity, nonirritant, noncorrosiveness, low cost and high efficiency. Inflammable materials such as polyester-cotton blend, cotton fabrics, ribless corduroy, bourette, silk-ramie, knitgoods, canvases, paper sheets, cartons and the like with hygroscopicity become fire-resistant materials after being treated by the high-efficiency multifunctional water-base fire resistant fluid, and reach the fire-resistant B1 standard stated by the country. The high-efficiency multifunctional water-base fire resistant fluid can be widely used for top-grade indoor finishing such as curtains, carpets, wall paper, paper-based finishing, wooden furniture, ceiling and the like, simultaneously has the advantages of simple construction and low cost, is a new generation of high-tech environment-friendly product, and has wide market prospect.

The invention relates to a multistory garage. A column is designed as vacant position in use for hoist trunk or space of traverse motion in the carport in standard state. In first floor, loading / unloading lots can be traversed, and vehicle can pass in and out directly. Loading / unloading lots at top floor can only be elevated, and loading / unloading lots at other floor can be traversed as well as can be elevated. Needed to be down to first floor, all vehicles cab pass in or out the carport. The carport recovers to standard state after completion no mater a vehicle passes in and out. Advantages of the invention are: simple control system, high reliability and convenient for management.

The invention discloses a mechanical equipment fault early warning method and system based on an industrial internet of things and a readable storage medium. The method comprises the following steps:a sensor node collects state data of mechanical equipment and transmits the state data of the mechanical equipment to a data gateway for pre-judgment processing; if the absolute difference value between the current state data of the mechanical equipment and preset standard state data is larger than a preset threshold value, the state data of the mechanical equipment is uploaded to a cloud server;and the cloud server extracts characteristic values after preprocessing the state data of the mechanical equipment, and a classification fault model is utilized to conduct early warning and diagnosison the characteristic values data to obtain a diagnosis result. According to the disclosed mechanical equipment fault early warning method and system based on the industrial internet of things and thereadable storage medium, by collecting the state data of mechanical equipment, carrying out pre-judgment processing by utilizing the data gateway, uploading the abnormal status data to the cloud server and carrying out accurate warning by utilizing the preset classification fault model, accuracy of fault early warning and diagnosis of the mechanical equipment is improved.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a wafer-processing tape that does not result in displacement at the interface between the adhesive layer and the sticky agent layer due to expansion, that has uniform expansion properties suitable for a step for dividing the adhesive layer, and that has excellent pickup performance. In the present invention, the wafer-processing tape is characterized by comprising: a substrate film; a sticky agent layer formed on the substrate film; and an adhesive layer formed on the sticky agent layer; the shear force of the sticky agent layer and the adhesive layer at 25 DEG C being no less than 0.2 N / mm2, and the peeling force between the sticky agent layer and the adhesive layer at a peeling angle of 180 DEG and a peeling speed of 300 mm / min in a standard state compliant with JIS-Z0237 after being irradiated by an energy beam of 200 mJ / cm2 being no greater than 0.3 N / 25 mm.

The invention provides a method and a device for controlling an electric toothbrush. The method comprises the following steps: a switch trigger signal sent by a user is received after initialization configuration of the electric toothbrush is finished; a working mode matched with trigger time is started according to the trigger time of the switch trigger signal; whether the current operating state of a brush head is matched with the standard state is judged when normal operation of the brush head in the current working mode is detected; when the current operating state of the brush head is not matched with the standard state, an indication prompt is given to the user. According to the method, the user can select the working mode of the electric toothbrush according to the trigger time of the switch trigger signal, the operating state of the brush head in the current working mode is detected in real time, and the prompt is given to the user according to a detection result of the operating state of the brush head to instruct the user in a correct tooth brushing way, so that the tooth brushing way of the user can be corrected in real time in the tooth brushing process of the user and the user can develop a good tooth brushing habit.

The invention relates to a battery ageing state estimation method considering different battery states, which comprises the following steps of: 1, establishing an equivalent circuit model for fittingan electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of a single battery; 2, according to the equivalent circuit model, acquiring charge transfer resistance values at different temperatures and charge states soas to obtain a fit data set; 3, constructing a calculation model f (T, SOC) between a charge transfer resistance and the battery temperature as well as the charge state, and according to the fit dataset, determining parameters of an expression; 4, carrying out correction on the calculation model after determining the parameters through fitting; 5, defining a battery standard state, and accordingto the corrected calculation model g (T, SOC), calculating a charge transfer resistance value in the battery standard state; and 6, according to relative growth of the charge transfer resistance converted into the standard state, estimating an ageing state of the battery. Compared to the prior art, the battery ageing state estimation method has the advantages of simplicity and convenience for calculation, reliability for estimation and the like.

The invention discloses a method of preparing a copper-zinc tin-sulphur solar cell absorbed layer thin film. The method of preparing the copper-zinc tin-sulphur solar cell absorbed layer thin film comprises the following steps: 1) a substrate can be soaked in acetonum, ethyl alcohol and deionized water in sequence, the substrate can be cleaned ultrasonically and then the substrate can be blow-dried to be reserved; 2) a direct current magnetron sputtering system can be used and a copper (Cu)-zinc (Zn)-stannum (Sn) alloy can be used as target materials to be in signal-target sputtering. Vacuum degree is above 3.5*10-4 pascals, sputtering power is 10-50 watts and working air pressure is 0.2-1.2 pascals so as to obtain a Cu-Zn-Sn precursor thin film; 3) under the condition that argon can be entered into a vacuum and the argon flow is in 35-50 standard-state cubic centimeter per minute, the temperature of the Cu-Zn-Sn precursor thin film and powdered sulfur can be respectively raised to 200-250 DEG C. The powdered sulfur can be kept under 200-250 DEGC in 5.5-6.5 hours and then the powdered sulfur can be cooled naturally; after the substrate is kept under the temperature of 200-250 DEGC in 10-15 minutes, the temperature can be increased to 500-600 DEGC to be in vacuum vulcanization for 30-40 minutes. After the substrate is naturally cooled, the copper-zinc tin-sulphur solar cell absorbed layer thin film can be obtained. The method of preparing the copper-zinc tin-sulphur solar cell absorbed layer thin film has the advantages of being easy to operate, strong in controllability, good in repeatability and capable of preparing high quality copper-zinc tin-sulphur solar cell absorbed layer thin film in large areas. The method is an environmental friendly preparation method.

The invention discloses a cultivation automatic control system, which is high in degree of automation, simple in operation, good in automatic control effect and high in networking capacity, can be easily connected with a common network and can realize centralized monitoring of a large farm. A controller is convenient to replace and easy to maintain, and the cost of spare parts of the controller is low. The novel modern cultivation automatic control system comprises a detection unit which is arranged in each poultry house, wherein each detection unit is connected with a centralized monitoring computer of each farm through a switch; the centralized monitoring computer of each farm is connected with a manager computer through the network; each detection unit comprises a programmable logic controller (PLC) with a touch screen; the PLC is connected with an environment detection sensor unit and connected with an indoor environment regulation device; and the PLC collects environment information in the poultry houses according to the environment detection sensor unit, the environment information of the poultry houses is displayed by the touch screen, each environment information parameter under the standard state of the poultry houses is input by the touch screen, and the motion of the indoor environment regulation device is controlled by the PLC to control environment parameters of the poultry houses to be in a set range.

A preliminary image is obtained by irradiating illumination light, whose light quantity distribution is set at a standard state, to a specimen obtained by injecting fluid into a well from an illuminator capable of arbitrarily setting the light quantity distribution, for example, by a liquid crystal shutter, and a luminance distribution of the preliminary image is detected. As a result, luminance nonuniformity in the preliminary image is canceled by performing imaging with a light quantity distribution of illumination light to be incident on the well set such that an incident light amount is larger in a part with lower luminance.

The invention relates to a method for treating industrial sewage containing emulsified oil, which belongs to the technical field of industrial sewage treatment. The method comprises the following steps: treating the industrial sewage containing the emulsified oil flowing into an adjusting tank by a revolving drum oil eliminator first, then performing coagulation treatment and air floatation treatment on the water eliminated with oil slick so as to break the emulsified oil and separate the oil from the water, and performing anaerobic treatment and aerobic treatment on the sewage to further reduce the concentration of organic substances in the water so that the treated water reaches a first level standard stated in GB8978-1996. The method has the advantages of simple treatment process flow, small construction investment, small occupied space for facilities, simple and convenient maintenance and management and stable treatment effect, and can make the water quality after the treatment reach the first level standard stated in the GB8978-1996.

The invention relates to a catalysis wet-type oxidation treatment method for cyanogen-containing wastewater, which is mainly used for solving the problem of incapability of simultaneously treating other organic pollutants in wastewater and secondary pollution during cyanogen-containing wastewater treatment. In the invention, industrial wastewater of which the COD (chemical oxygen demand) value is 2000mg / l to 200000mg / l and the total cyanogen content is 10 to 20000mg / l and gases containing elemental oxygen are taken as raw materials which are in contact with a catalyst under the conditions that the reaction temperature is 230 to 300 DEG C, the reaction pressure is 3 to 10MPa, the liquid space velocity is 0.5-2.5 h<-1> and the volume ratio in a standard state of the gas and liquid materials is (70-300):1 , and therefore, the removal rate of the COD is larger than 95% and the total cyanogen is less than 5 ppm after processed, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one oxide carrier selected from TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2 or ZrO2 and at least one metal or oxide carried on the oxide carrier and selected from Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir or Rh in parts by weight. The problem is nicely solved with the technical scheme, and the catalysis wet-type oxidation treatment method for cyanogen-containing wastewater can be used in the industrial treatment of cyanogen-containing industrial wastewater.

The invention aims at providing an energy-saving transformation energy-saving amount checking and ratifying method based on standard effect judgment, and the purpose of energy-saving transformation energy-saving effect analysis evaluation is achieved. According to the technical scheme, The energy-saving transformation energy-saving amount checking and ratifying method based on the standard effect judgment comprises the steps that judgment is conducted on actual performance change before and after the transformation of a transformed object, based on the performance change, energy-saving amount is calculated due to standard state uniformly, and therefore system transformation energy-saving effect is obtained in the rated working state. By means of the technical scheme, the energy-saving effect generated by energy-saving transformation can be reflected objectively, the quality of engineering transformation and the effect of technical implementation are convenient to judge, and the method is suitable for applying to the effect judgment of technical popularization and technical demonstration. In the whole technical implementation process, the constraints and defects of a measuring method, a bill analytic method and a calibration simulation method are avoided, and the method is simple and easy to operate.

A fuel injection system includes an injector, a controller, and a cylinder internal pressure sensor. The injector injects fuel to an engine. The controller controls injection start timing of the injector, an injection amount, and a supply pressure of the injected fuel. The cylinder internal pressure sensor detects one of a cylinder internal pressure and a heat release rate of the internal combustion engine. The controller has a standard estimation means and a correction means. The standard state estimation means obtains a standard state of one of the cylinder internal pressure and the heat release rate upon fuel injection from the injector. The correction means corrects at least one of the injection start timing, the injection amount, and the supply pressure in a direction to eliminate a difference that exists between the standard state obtained by the standard state estimation means and one of the cylinder internal pressure and the heat release rate detected by the cylinder internal pressure sensor.