125 results about "Xenon" patented technology

The invention relates to an air suction type cusped field electric propulsion system with multiple working medium supply modes and a supply method. The invention relates to the technical field of air suction type electric propulsion systems. The system comprises an electric thruster and collection device module, a microwave cathode module, a xenon storage and supply module and a control and energy supply module. According to the air-breathing cusped field electric propulsion system with the multiple working medium supply modes, the adaptive capacity of the electric thruster under the complex working condition is improved through the xenon working medium carried by the air-breathing cusped field electric propulsion system while the ultra-low orbit rarefied atmospheric environment is fully utilized. In addition to an ultra-low rail air-breathing type electric propulsion task, the xenon working medium carried by the ultra-low rail air-breathing type electric propulsion device can enable the ultra-low rail air-breathing type electric propulsion device to give consideration to a higher rail range, and a traditional xenon electric propulsion rail interval and an ultra-low rail space of 150 km or above are covered.

The invention discloses a method and a system for realizing continuous freezing filling of an electric propellant by controlling xenon phase change, and relates to the technical field of xenon filling control, the method comprises the following steps: connecting a full xenon bottle into equipment to be filled, and carrying out pressure equalizing operation on the equipment to be filled; introducing the residual xenon gas in the xenon gas bottle into a xenon gas liquefier, so that the residual xenon gas is liquefied into liquid xenon in the xenon gas liquefier; liquid xenon is injected into the liquid xenon collection bottles, collection is stopped when the first liquid xenon collection bottle reaches a preset liquid level, and a communication valve between the second liquid xenon collection bottle and the xenon liquefier is opened for collection; a heater at the bottom of the first liquid xenon collecting bottle is started to gasify the liquid xenon, and a pressure sensor is used for detecting internal pressure data of the first xenon collecting bottle and the to-be-filled equipment; performing temperature-controlled filling on the to-be-filled equipment; when the filling equipment reaches the rated filling amount, filling is stopped, and the filling amount is rechecked; and when the xenon filled into the equipment is detected to be unqualified, recycling the unqualified xenon into a recycling gas cylinder through a plunger pump.

The application provides a device for coupling xenon isotope separation and neon-helium purification separation and a use method thereof. Based on various non-low-temperature gas separation technologies, through multi-stage module cooperation, high-efficiency enrichment of xenon isotope raw material gas under non-low-temperature conditions and purification and purification of air separation crude neon-helium gas are coupled, including thermal coupling and intermediate material coupling. The crude neon-helium gas produced in the process is fully utilized, the energy consumption and operation complexity are significantly reduced, and the development advantage can be further improved.

The method comprises the following steps: constructing a xenon density measurement light path by taking laser which is in frequency resonance with xenon molecules as a light source, dividing the laser output by the light source into a beam of horizontal line polarized light and a beam of vertical line polarized light through a half-wave plate HWP1 and a polarization splitting prism PBS1, wherein the horizontal line polarized light continuously passes through the half-wave plate HWP2 and the polarization splitting prism PBS2 to obtain two beams of low-power vertical line polarized light and high-power horizontal line polarized light which are perpendicular to each other in polarization direction, the low-power vertical line polarized light enters the xenon chamber as a detection field, and the high-power horizontal line polarized light enters the xenon chamber as a pumping field; the directions of the detection field and the pumping field entering the xenon chamber are opposite and collinear, and the density of xenon to be measured is indirectly measured by acquiring the xenon absorption spectrum in the xenon chamber, so that the on-orbit xenon residual amount is obtained.

This invention provides a method, apparatus, device, and medium for correcting control rod calibration curves. The correction method includes: acquiring a reference temperature curve during a load reduction period; correcting the reference temperature curve based on the negative reactivity introduced by xenon to generate a xenon correction curve; calculating an overheat correction curve based on a set balance coefficient, a primary loop completely untracked curve, and the xenon correction curve; calculating the power data in the overheat correction curve and its corresponding overheat correction power data based on the overheat correction curve and the reference temperature curve, and generating an overheat correction parameter set; and correcting the control rod calibration curve based on the overheat correction parameter set to generate a corrected control rod calibration curve. The method, apparatus, device, and medium provided by this invention can correct control rod calibration curves to adapt to different generating units.

The utility model relates to the technical field of gas production equipment, in particular to full-automatic ultra-pure helium and xenon gas purification equipment, when the full-automatic ultra-pure helium and xenon gas purification equipment is used, a catalyst is respectively arranged in each group of lower tank bodies, and a worker operates gas to enter the first group of lower tank bodies to carry out purification operation through the catalyst; when the catalyst in the first group of lower tank body needs to be replaced, the gas can be continuously purified while the catalyst is replaced, so that the processing efficiency is improved; comprising a supporting seat, lower tank bodies, upper tank bodies and supporting legs, the supporting legs are arranged at the bottom end of the supporting seat, two groups of lower tank bodies are fixedly mounted on the supporting seat, one group of upper tank bodies is detachably arranged at the top end of each group of lower tank bodies, the device further comprises locking assemblies, an air inlet assembly and an air exhaust assembly, and the lower tank bodies and the upper tank bodies are connected through a plurality of groups of locking assemblies. The output ends of the two groups of lower tank bodies are respectively communicated with the exhaust assembly, and the input ends of the two groups of upper tank bodies are respectively communicated with the output end of the air inlet assembly.

The present invention discloses a quantitative evaluation method of in vivo molecular probes based on xenon / phosphorus multi-nuclear magnetic resonance, which obtains the corresponding curve between the pH value of the molecular probe saturated solution and the molecular probe saturation concentration and 129 Sensitivity distribution diagram of the Xe transceiver integrated coil; obtain the hydrogen proton magnetic resonance structure image of the test area of ​​the test object; obtain the 3D 31 P chemical shift imaging data, to obtain molecular probe 129 Xe magnetic resonance signal distribution image; obtain pH value distribution image of the detection object to be tested area; obtain molecular probe concentration distribution image in the detection object to be tested area; calculate the molecular probe position coordinates of the detection object to be tested area and the molecular probe concentration distribution image; calculate the molecular probe position coordinates of the detection object to be tested area and the molecular probe concentration distribution image; calculate the molecular probe position coordinates of the detection object to be tested area and the molecular probe concentration distribution image; calculate the molecular probe concentration distribution image ... 129 The present invention can realize the concentration of molecular probes and the molecular probes that are difficult to detect in vivo without damage. 129 Quantitative measurement of parameters such as Xe apparent binding rate.

The utility model relates to a remote xenon control system, which comprises a gas storage module, a pressure regulation module, a pressure control module, a flow control module and a remote control terminal, wherein the pressure regulation module is used for regulating the pressure of the xenon, flowing out of the gas storage module, in the pipeline, meanwhile, the flow control module is arranged after the pressure of the xenon in the pipeline is stable, and the actual flow of the xenon in the pipeline is regulated in real time according to a given set value, so that the actual flow is consistent with the set flow; and the remote control terminal controls the actions of the pressure control module and the flow control module.

The invention provides a xenon bottle bearing hoop fixing structure which comprises hoop supports, a hoop belt, a tightening device and a punching rubber pad, the radial displacement of a xenon bottle is limited through the three hoop supports, the hoop belt penetrates through the hoop supports and is bound with a gas bottle body, all the supports form a whole, and all radial bidirectional constraints are indirectly generated. The three hoop supports are used for providing radial support for the gas cylinder from three directions, meanwhile, a flange installation face perpendicular to the gas cylinder is obtained, the hoop belts are used for binding the three hoop supports and the gas cylinder to form a whole, one-way support in the three directions is converted into two-way constraint in all the directions, and the perforated rubber pad serves as a compensation device for expansion of the gas cylinder. And the balance of support and compensation is achieved through different punching structure designs. The invention provides a high-reliability and high-bearing-capacity xenon cylinder fixing scheme, and the problem that radial constraint is insufficient when a large-loading-capacity xenon cylinder of a spacecraft is installed is solved.

The present invention provides a novel micro-flow control system for satellites using a Tesla-like valve structure, comprising a xenon gas path control system and a circuit control system. The xenon gas path control system includes a novel micro-flow controller using a Tesla-like valve structure for satellites. The novel micro-flow controller includes a sealed cavity with a xenon gas inlet and outlet, and multiple flow channels within the sealed cavity connecting the xenon gas inlet and outlet. The present invention utilizes the Tesla valve structure's progressive throttling characteristics during reverse flow to design the flow channels of the micro-channel flow controller. Theoretically, this design can achieve near-perfect, precise control of xenon gas pressure and flow. The successful implementation of this invention is of strategic significance for improving xenon gas management in space Hall-effect electric thrusters, enhancing the precision of micro-flow distribution and coordinated control, and increasing their maneuverability.

This application relates to the field of quantum nondestructive testing technology, and discloses a quantum detection device and a xenon atom-based eddy current detection method. The quantum detection device includes an interconnected eddy current probe and a quantum measurement device. The quantum measurement device includes a xenon atom gas chamber for measuring the magnetic field strength of a target eddy current magnetic field. It acquires the target eddy current magnetic field of the target object, measures the magnetic field strength of the target eddy current magnetic field, and obtains the magnetic field strength distribution along the surface of the target object. Based on the magnetic field strength distribution, it detects thickness changes in the target object to obtain the weak point detection result. Its beneficial effect is that by measuring the eddy current magnetic field generated by the target object through a xenon atom gas chamber, it effectively utilizes the characteristics of xenon atoms—long coherence time and extremely low resonance frequency—thereby maintaining high sensitivity to capture weak magnetic fields at extremely low frequencies and obtaining a detection penetration depth far exceeding that of traditional sensors, achieving high-precision nondestructive testing of minute thickness differences inside the target object.

The utility model discloses a shunting device for a xenon bottle, which comprises a xenon bottle body, a main pipeline is mounted at the upper end of the xenon bottle body, a connecting cover is mounted at the lower end of the main pipeline, and a filter element is mounted in the main pipeline through the connecting cover. When the connecting cover is installed, the phenomenon of air leakage is prevented through the sealing gasket, the pre-filtering layer is located on the outer layer of the filter element and mainly used for capturing large-particle impurities and particulate matter so as to prevent the impurities and the particulate matter from entering the finer filtering layer, and the micropore layer follows the pre-filtering layer, has a small hole diameter and is used for capturing medium-size particles and impurities so as to prevent the impurities and the particulate matter from entering the finer filtering layer. The activated carbon layer is located below the micropore layer and used for adsorbing smell, peculiar smell and harmful gas in xenon, the terminal filtering layer serves as the innermost layer of the filter element and has extremely high filtering precision and trapping efficiency, the purity and stability of the xenon are improved through the multi-layer filtering structure, and safe operation of a xenon system and the quality of the xenon are guaranteed.

The invention discloses a preparation method of homogeneous high-purity scandium-aluminum alloy powder, and belongs to the technical field of alloy material preparation. The method comprises the following steps that metal scandium and aluminum metal ingots are prepared according to the atomic ratio of scandium to aluminum being 1: 3-3: 1 and then placed into a smelting furnace, and smelting and heat preservation are conducted under the argon atmosphere; the alloy solution is poured into a rotary water-cooling copper roller with the linear speed of 2-5 m / s to achieve rapid hardening, and a scandium-aluminum alloy sheet is prepared; the scandium-aluminum alloy sheet is activated and then subjected to hydrogenation-dehydrogenation treatment; and finally, xenon is used as working gas for airflow pulverization, and scandium-aluminum alloy powder of 10-75 microns is obtained through airflow separation. According to the method, the polycrystalline alloy sheet with fine grains is prepared through rapid hardening, hydrogen decrepitation is promoted through the grain boundary, pollution of a ball milling medium is avoided, the problems that in the prior art, alloy powder is low in purity, uneven in grain size and low in crushing yield are solved, and the prepared alloy powder is homogeneous, high in purity and suitable for preparation of high-end products such as target materials.

A coil assembly for separation of Xenon-133 from an off gas stream includes a coil flange having first and second sides and defining a flange inlet and outlet. The coil assembly further includes a coil positioned on the first side of the coil flange. The coil includes inlet and outlet portions and a helical portion having a double-helix configuration. The helical portion has a top positioned a first distance from the first side of the coil flange. The inlet portion extends through the flange inlet, the outlet portion extends through the flange outlet, and the helical portion is fluidly connected to the inlet and outlet portions. The coil assembly further includes a fluid control assembly attached to the second side of the coil flange, including inlet and outlet assemblies. The inlet portion is fluidly connected to the inlet assembly and the outlet portion is fluidly connected to the outlet assembly.

The xenon filling system comprises a bottom gas recovery tank, a raw material gas cylinder, a to-be-filled gas cylinder, a molecular pump and a main pipeline, the bottom gas recovery tank, the raw material gas cylinder, the to-be-filled gas cylinder and the molecular pump are communicated with the main pipeline through branch pipelines, and stop valves are arranged on the branch pipelines; and a temperature control system for adjusting the temperature of the bottom gas recovery tank is arranged in the bottom gas recovery tank. The residual gas in the filling process can be filled into the empty raw material gas cylinder, so that leakage of the raw material gas can be greatly reduced, the utilization rate of the raw material gas in the raw material gas cylinder is improved, and the unit consumption of xenon can be controlled to be below 2%.

The invention relates to an atomic gas chamber and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method of the atomic gas chamber comprises the following steps: providing an atomic gas chamber glass bulb; rubidium steam is filled in the atomic gas chamber glass bulb; the atomic gas chamber glass bulb is filled with mixed gas; wherein the mixed gas comprises xenon 129, xenon 131, hydrogen and a buffer gas; the voltage division ratio of the xenon 129 to the xenon 131 is (1: 4)-(1: 9); carrying out heat preservation treatment on the atomic gas chamber glass bulb, and reacting rubidium steam with hydrogen to generate a rubidium hydride film layer; and the rubidium hydride film layer covers the inner wall of the atomic gas chamber glass bulb. According to the preparation method of the atomic gas chamber, provided by the invention, the atomic spin relaxation time of xenon 129 and xenon 131 can be prolonged, the relaxation performance of two isotopes can be balanced, the performance of the atomic gas chamber is further improved, and the requirements of application scenes such as a quantum inertia instrument on the atomic spin stability of the atomic gas chamber are met.

The invention provides a high-flow high-temperature high-pressure purification device and method for a liquid xenon detector. The purification device comprises a first gear pump, a first heat exchanger, a second heat exchanger, a high-temperature purifier, a liquefaction module, a third heat exchanger and a second gear pump, and the first gear pump extracts a first liquid xenon medium from the liquid xenon detector and pressurizes the first liquid xenon medium; the pressurized first liquid xenon medium enters a first heat exchanger and a second heat exchanger for heat exchange, and the output first gas xenon medium enters a high-temperature purifier for purification treatment and then becomes a second gas xenon medium to enter the hot side of the second heat exchanger; the second gas xenon medium enters the liquefaction module to be cooled and liquefied, then enters the hot side of the first heat exchanger to be subjected to heat exchange to form a second liquid xenon medium, then enters the hot side of the third heat exchanger to be cooled, and finally returns to the liquid xenon detector after being subjected to pressure regulation through a tenth pipeline, a second gear pump and an eleventh pipeline. The device disclosed by the invention is small in space requirement and large in circulating flow, and can obtain a better purification effect on a high-purity target substance of a rare event particle detector.

The present invention provides a control method, device and electronic equipment for a helium-xenon cooled reactor, which relates to the technical field of nuclear reactors. The above-mentioned control method for a helium-xenon cooled reactor includes: during the operation of the helium-xenon cooled reactor, monitoring the operation state information of the helium-xenon cooled reactor, and obtaining a mathematical model of the helium-xenon cooled reactor constructed in advance; performing numerical simulation on the mathematical model based on the current operation state information to obtain a numerical simulation result; adjusting each control parameter of the helium-xenon cooled reactor based on the numerical simulation result so that the power generation power of the helium-xenon cooled reactor reaches a preset power generation power. The present invention can adaptively control each control parameter of the reactor according to the operation state of the reactor, and improves the reliability of the control of the helium-xenon cooled reactor.

The invention discloses a reactor core power control method which comprises the following steps: during base load operation, inserting and / or lifting a T rod group for temperature regulation and compensation of reactor core reactivity change into and / or from a reactor core, and compensating reactor core temperature change caused by excess reactivity and burnup effect; during operation in a load tracking mode, the effect caused by power change and the coolant temperature change caused by xenon poison change effect are compensated by the T rod group, and the average temperature of the coolant is kept in an operation interval. According to the reactor core power control method disclosed by the invention, automatic control of the reactor core power and temperature in the reactor core operation process is realized only through insertion / lifting of the T rod group; the method is suitable for the reactor core with low linear power density, and under the condition of no axial power distribution control requirement, the reactor core axial power distribution under various normal operation and accident working conditions can still ensure the safety of the reactor core.

The invention is applicable to the technical field of nuclear reactors, and provides a xenon reactivity calculation method, device, equipment and product for a nuclear reactor. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring current set parameters for processing furnace charge in the nuclear reactor and multiple groups of optimal xenon information corresponding to the nuclear reactor; the furnace charge in the nuclear reactor generates xenon in the fission reaction process; according to the multiple sets of optimal xenon information, target xenon parameters of the nuclear reactor processed under the current furnace charge circulation parameters and the current furnace charge burnup parameters are determined; the xenon reactivity generated by the charge in the nuclear reactor is calculated based on the target xenon parameter. According to multiple groups of optimal xenon information corresponding to the nuclear reactor, the target xenon parameters processed by the nuclear reactor under the current furnace charge circulation parameters and the current furnace charge burnup parameters are determined, and the xenon reactivity is calculated according to the target xenon parameters, so that the accuracy of the xenon reactivity is improved; and an effective reference basis is provided for an operator to manage the nuclear reactor.

The invention provides modified activated carbon for xenon adsorption. The BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) specific surface area of the modified activated carbon is 1000m / g to 1050m / g. The modified activated carbon provided by the invention has improved adsorption performance on xenon.

The application discloses a multi-mode enrichment analysis device and process capable of detecting xenon background in air, which comprises a gas taking and enrichment unit, a pressurized adsorption, vacuum desorption and reverse desorption purification and concentration unit connected with each other through a gas flow pipeline and a refrigerator for realizing shallow low temperature. The application controls the adsorption temperature of the refrigerator to be-28 DEG C to 18 DEG C, raises the tail pressure of each xenon separation column, and increases the dynamic adsorption coefficient of each xenon separation column from 0.43 L / g under normal temperature and pressure to 1.2-3.4 L / g, thereby improving the adsorption efficiency and reducing the adsorbent loading amount of each xenon separation column under the determined gas volume. Through vacuum desorption and reverse desorption, the carrier gas volume of complete desorption can be reduced from 8-20 times the desorption volume to 3-5 times, thereby improving the desorption efficiency. The column filler loading surplus can be increased from about 30% to 50-300%, thereby greatly improving the stability and reliability of the device, and realizing self-adaption of the filler usage amount to the gas taking amount, which can meet the needs of high-sensitivity large-volume sampling monitoring and sensitive and rapid sampling monitoring.

The present invention discloses a method for automatically suppressing xenon oscillations and providing auxiliary warning prompts based on the 3AO method, belonging to the technical field of nuclear reactor core monitoring. First, a variety of high-precision sensors are arranged at key positions of the nuclear reactor to timely capture signs of xenon oscillations. By analyzing sensor data, the system can accurately identify early signals of xenon oscillations, providing a basis for formulating subsequent control strategies. The core of the control strategy is the integration of the 3AO method and the deep Q-network algorithm. This algorithm not only comprehensively considers the immediate state of the core but also optimizes control decisions by learning historical data, thereby calculating the optimal control rod position and boron concentration adjustment plan. Subsequently, according to the control instructions generated by the intelligent algorithm, the system automatically prompts the operator to adjust the control rods and boron concentration to respond in real time to the changing requirements of the nuclear reactor. By providing real-time feedback on the adjustment effects, an efficient closed-loop control system is formed, which can continuously improve the accuracy and response speed of the control strategy.

The invention discloses a few-group constant parameterization method with state parameters including xenon concentration, which comprises the following steps: taking Xe concentration as a state parameter, selecting a physical quantity of the Xe concentration state parameter, designing an Xe concentration state matrix, and carrying out component trunk and branch calculation on the basis; determining a combination mode of Xe concentration and other state parameters, dividing the combination mode into different subitems, selecting a function form and a fitting order, functionalizing the different subitems respectively, and making a few group constant library; in the reactor core calculation process, interpolation is carried out in the few-group constant library through Xe concentration back substitution to obtain a few-group cross section for subsequent calculation of the reactor core. According to the method, the number of working condition points for manufacturing the few-group constant library can be reduced, the two-step program component calculation speed is increased, and meanwhile the reactor core calculation precision is improved.

The invention discloses a nuclear reactor core power capability verification method and device, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining first xenon atomic nucleus density distribution data of a reactor core according to a target reactor core working condition point corresponding to a typical burnup condition for any typical burnup condition of a plurality of typical burnup conditions of the reactor core; performing order reduction processing on the first xenon atomic nucleus density distribution data to obtain a plurality of low-order primary functions corresponding to the typical burnup condition and a target range of expansion coefficients corresponding to the plurality of low-order primary functions; obtaining second xenon atomic nucleus density distribution data corresponding to the typical burnup condition according to a plurality of recovery expansion coefficients corresponding to the typical burnup condition and a plurality of low-order basis functions; determining reactor core power distribution data corresponding to the typical burnup condition according to the second xenon atomic nucleus density distribution data; and performing power limit value verification on the reactor core power distribution data corresponding to each typical burnup condition to obtain a power capability verification result. According to the invention, the power capability verification calculation efficiency can be improved.

The invention discloses a reactor core control method which comprises the following steps: during base load operation, inserting and / or lifting a T rod group for temperature regulation and compensation of reactor core reactivity change into and / or from a reactor core, and compensating reactor core temperature change caused by excess reactivity and burnup effect; the P rod group for regulating and controlling the power of the reactor core keeps still along with the power; and when the load tracking mode runs, the effect caused by power change is compensated by the P rod group, the coolant temperature change caused by xenon poison change effect is compensated by the T rod group, and the average temperature of the coolant is kept in the running interval. According to the reactor core control method, reactor core power and temperature control is achieved through the P rod set and the T rod set, meanwhile, reactor core hot spot factors are reduced, the operation allowance and the safety allowance of the reactor core are ensured, and then the unit operation economical efficiency is improved.

The present application relates to the technical field of xenon recovery control, and particularly relates to a xenon recovery and purification device for anesthetic mixed gas and an intelligent control system. The device comprises a data acquisition module for acquiring gas state data of each molecular sieve tower in real time; a processing control unit for determining a xenon migration index based on the pressure in the tower and the xenon migration amount of each molecular sieve tower at any time; determining a switching urgency according to the gas concentration change characteristics and the feed flow rate fluctuation characteristics; generating a comprehensive switching degree in combination with the xenon migration index and the switching urgency; monitoring the change trend of the comprehensive switching degree over time in real time to determine a change rate; determining the best switching time when the change rate is first lower than a preset convergence threshold; and a switching module for triggering a double molecular sieve tower mode switching at the best switching time, thereby significantly improving the xenon purification efficiency of the device.

The invention relates to the technical field of xenon recovery control, in particular to a xenon recovery and purification device for anesthesia mixed gas and an intelligent control system. The device comprises a data acquisition module used for acquiring gas state data of each molecular sieve tower in real time; the processing control unit is used for processing the xenon migration volume of each molecular sieve tower at any moment based on the pressure in the tower; determining a xenon migration index; the switching urgency degree is determined according to the gas concentration change characteristics and the feeding flow velocity fluctuation characteristics; generating a comprehensive switching degree in combination with the xenon migration index and the switching urgency degree; the change trend of the comprehensive switching degree along with time is monitored in real time, and the change rate is determined; when the change rate is lower than a preset convergence threshold value for the first time, determining an optimal switching moment; and the switching module is used for triggering mode switching of the double molecular sieve towers at the optimal switching moment, so that the xenon purification efficiency of the device is remarkably improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of nuclear medicine imaging, and particularly relates to a two-phase xenon positron tomography system and method.The two-phase xenon positron tomography system comprises a two-phase xenon detector module, a heat preservation device, a refrigeration purification system and a data acquisition system; the performance of the system is obviously improved by adopting a new material and a new method and correspondingly optimizing the system structure.

The present disclosure presents hybrid collector-detector systems and related methods for analyzing a radionuclide gas. One such system comprises a plurality of scintillator materials comprising layers of scintillator materials; a photomultiplier; and an intake passageway that is sandwiched between the layers of scintillator materials. For such a system, the intake passageway is composed of one or more straws of radionuclide gas absorbent material having selectivity for xenon. One or more of the layers of scintillator materials emit light after being exposed to radiation that (1) is present in air that is received by the intake passageway and (2) has an energy that is within a scintillation response band of the one or more layers of scintillator materials. Further, the photomultiplier outputs an electrical signal in response to the light being emitted by the one or more layers of scintillator materials.