The invention discloses a preparation method of ion-exchange polyvinyl alcohol micro-spheres. The method comprises the steps that a water-soluble functional monomer is dissolved in water, and an initiator, a cross-linking agent and a polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution with the mass fraction of 5%-15% are added for even mixing to obtain mixed liquid; an oil phase containing an emulsifying agent isprepared, stirred and heated to 40-80 DEG C, then the obtained mixed liquid is added into the oil phase, stirring is conducted for 10-60 minutes, then a catalyst is added for reaction for 3-6 hours, and after reaction is completed, an obtained product is washed to obtain the ion-exchange polyvinyl alcohol micro-spheres. According to the method, the technology is simple and convenient to operate, reaction heat is fully used, energy consumption is relatively low, synthesis time is short, the reaction temperature is reduced, and the production efficiency in industrialized production is improved;the prepared polyvinyl alcohol micro-spheres have good deformability and elasticity, are smooth in sphere surface, even in dispersion and high in drug loading capability and have good biocompatibilityand stability at the same time.