The invention belongs to the technical field of medical imaging, and discloses a mathematical algorithm microscopic bladder endoscope imaging system and an image processing method. The system comprises an endoscope handle, an outer sheath tube, an image processing module and a display module; the endoscope handle is connected with the outer sheath tube, the outer sheath tube is provided with a bending part, a direction control mechanism is connected with the bending part, and the direction control mechanism is connected with the image processing module; the end, away from the outer sheath tube, of the bent portion is provided with a tip portion, an image sensor is arranged in the tip portion, the light source module provides a light source for the image sensor, the image sensor is connected with the image receiving module, the image receiving module is connected with the image processing module, and the image processing module is connected with the display module. The method comprises the steps that the light source module provides a light source for the image sensor, controls the angle of the bending part, collects an image in the body of a patient, carries out image processing, and displays image information in the body of the patient on the display module. According to the invention, the quality of medical images is improved, and research and judgment of tumor risks are realized. The device is suitable for medical staff to observe conditions in the body of a patient.