The invention discloses a filter bag device and a dust remover. The filter bag device comprises an elastic filter bag and a bag cage arranged in the elastic filter bag, wherein the bag cage can adjustthe size of filter holes of the elastic filter bag. According to the filter bag device, by adopting the elastic filter bag, the elastic filter bag can deform, and the bag cage capable of adjusting the size of the filter holes of the elastic filter bag is adopted, when the size of dust needing to be filtered is changed, the size of the filter holes of the elastic filter bag can be adjusted throughthe bag cage to meet the filtering requirement, the universality of the elastic filter bag is effectively improved, the requirements of different dust particle sizes can be met, namely the requirements of different smoke and different coal types are met, and the dust removing effect of the dust remover is improved; meanwhile, when the elastic filter bag is deformed, a dust layer on the elastic filter bag can fall off, and the service life of the elastic filter bag is prolonged; by adjusting the pore size of the filter holes of the elastic filter bag, the filtering resistance of the elastic filter bag is reduced, the energy consumption of a fan is reduced, and the service life of the elastic filter bag is prolonged.