546 results about "Cell voltage" patented technology

The invention discloses an energy storage liquid cooling unit control strategy generation method and device based on working condition prediction, equipment and a storage medium, and relates to the technical field of power grids, and the method comprises the steps: building a prediction model based on working condition data of an energy storage system, determining initial prediction power and predicted battery electric quantity based on a preset coefficient and the working condition data, the prediction model is used for correcting the initial prediction power to obtain target prediction power, the predicted heating power of the battery cell is determined based on the equivalent internal resistance of the battery cell and the voltage of the battery cell, the operation parameters of the liquid cooling unit are fitted based on a preset calibration coefficient to obtain the expected refrigerating capacity, and the predicted temperature of the battery cell is determined; adjusting the initial strategy by using the liquid cooling unit control rule and based on the temperature deviation degree and the temperature change rate to obtain a target energy storage liquid cooling unit control strategy so as to control the energy storage liquid cooling unit; the temperature deviation degree and the temperature change rate are data determined based on the preset battery working temperature range and the battery cell predicted temperature, so that the efficiency of generating the energy storage liquid cooling unit control strategy is improved.

The invention discloses a ship power battery health state intelligent assessment method and system based on multi-feature fusion and a dynamic threshold value, and relates to the technical field of ship power battery management. The method comprises the following steps: synchronously acquiring single voltage, current, temperature, internal resistance and insulation resistance signals in real time through a signal acquisition layer; processing through a feature fusion layer to form a fusion feature vector; inputting the CBP-LSTM model to continuously output SOH and SOC estimation values in real time to form an SOH / SOC estimation sequence; calculating adaptive upper and lower threshold boundaries for the sequence based on an RLS algorithm; health levels are divided through comparison of the health deviation and a threshold value, a control instruction is generated and issued to a BMS / EMS system, and closed-loop protection and energy optimization are achieved. According to the method, the defects of insufficient feature dimension, high model rigidity, lack of adaptive ability and system closed loop deficiency in the prior art are overcome, the method has the advantages of high evaluation precision, strong robustness and good real-time performance, and the operation safety of the ship power battery can be effectively guaranteed.

The invention discloses a component gradient iridium tantalum coating anode and a preparation method thereof, the component gradient iridium tantalum coating anode comprises a titanium-based bottom layer, a middle layer and a surface active layer structure with component gradient, and the middle layer and the active layer are both prepared through a thermal decomposition method. And the intermediate layer is prepared on the titanium substrate and is composed of TiO2 / Ta2O5 mixed oxide. The surface active layer is prepared on the outer side of the middle layer and comprises a plurality of layers of IrO2 / Ta2O5 oxide coatings with different iridium-tantalum proportions. Compared with a traditional uniform coating anode, the prepared component gradient iridium tantalum coating anode can relieve the stress concentration phenomenon and reduce coating cracking, the service life of the anode is remarkably prolonged, and the catalytic activity of the anode is remarkably improved; the modified carbon nano tube is added into the active layer precursor solution, so that the conductivity change caused by component gradient is improved, and the cell voltage of the component gradient iridium tantalum coating anode is effectively reduced; and moreover, the iridium content is lower, and the preparation cost of the electrode is reduced.

The invention relates to the technical field of fuel cell control, and discloses a control method of a hydrogen fuel system controller, which comprises the following steps: in response to a system shutdown instruction, controlling a DC / DC converter to maintain operation and request a preset scavenging current, and consuming residual reaction gas in a flow channel and a pipeline by using an electrochemical power generation reaction in an electric pile; meanwhile, hydrogen-cut air-down operation is executed, and the average single voltage of the electric pile is collected in real time; when it is monitored that the average monomer voltage is reduced to be below a preset anti-corrosion safety threshold value, the DC / DC converter is controlled to be disconnected, and mechanical purging is started. A time sequence interlocking mechanism of electrochemical energy depletion and mechanical purging is established, a high-potential retention path in the shutdown process is blocked from the physical and chemical source, and the safety of the shutdown is improved. Reverse polarity corrosion caused by a hydrogen-air interface effect is avoided, and the service life of the galvanic pile is prolonged.

The invention is suitable for the technical field of electrical measurement and state monitoring, and provides an aluminum electrolysis cell power distribution system regionalization independent blanking control method based on pseudo resistance monitoring, and the method comprises the steps: collecting the anode current and the cell voltage of each measurement point; dividing the plurality of measurement points into a plurality of control areas, and calculating a pseudo resistance value of each control area; screening control areas meeting conditions from all the control areas to form a reference area set; determining an aluminum oxide concentration reference state of each control region in the reference region set through a preset concentration state mapping relation; with the reference region set as a starting point, according to the proximity relation between the control region with the undetermined state and the reference region set in space and the similarity of pseudo resistance values, the aluminum oxide concentration state is propagated to all the control regions through iterative matching; according to the aluminum oxide concentration states of all the control areas, independent discharging control instructions of all the control areas are generated; and the regionalized independent control on the concentration of aluminum oxide in the aluminum electrolysis cell is realized.

The invention provides a QLC NAND interference compensation control method and system, and the method comprises the steps: collecting adjacent unit voltage offset data of a target storage unit through an on-chip reference unit array integrated on a QLC NAND flash memory chip; performing feature extraction on the data to obtain interference feature parameters including at least one of voltage drift amplitude, drift rate and drift fluctuation frequency, and inputting the interference feature parameters into a pre-trained lightweight decision tree model to output an interference trend prediction result, a programming parameter optimization strategy is generated based on the result, the pulse width and the step voltage increment are optimized, meanwhile, fine adjustment of model parameters is triggered by collecting programming verification data after each time of optimization, dynamic accurate compensation of memory cell interference under the high write-in load of the QLC NAND flash memory is achieved, programming voltage drift is effectively restrained, and the reliability of the QLC NAND flash memory is improved. The adaptive capacity of the writing algorithm is improved, and the overall service life of the flash memory is prolonged.

The invention relates to a preparation method and application of an electrode, in particular to a preparation method and application of an anti-reverse current self-supporting electrode for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis hydrogen production. The self-supporting (NiCoFe) 9S8 electrode is constructed by adopting a directional solid-phase synthesis strategy to overcome the challenge of performance degradation of the electrolytic cell. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, depositing a precursor solution of FeS2 and CoCl2 on a nickel felt substrate, and then carrying out annealing treatment to obtain uniformly grown (NiCoFe) 9S8; the method not only ensures uniform distribution of multiple metal components, but also constructs firm chemical bonding and efficient charge transfer between the catalyst layer and the conductive substrate through solid-phase interface reaction, and effectively avoids interface impedance caused by introduction of an additional binder. Therefore, high-current-density water electrolysis hydrogen production under intermittent fluctuation power supply is realized. In 1M KOH, the cell voltage is almost not attenuated when the electrode stably operates for 2000h at 500mAcm <-2 >.

The invention relates to the technical field of rare earth electrolytic metallurgy, and discloses a praseodymium-neodymium alloy low-temperature electrolysis cell voltage optimization method and system.The method comprises the steps that multi-parameter coupling analysis is conducted on an electrolytic cell low-temperature electrolysis initial parameter set, and key influence factors are obtained; carrying out correlation analysis on the key influence factors by combining fluctuation characteristics of the cell voltage to obtain an influence weight sequence; determining a collaborative adjustment scheme of the polar distance and the current density according to the weight sequence; the cell voltage is synchronously adjusted based on the collaborative adjustment scheme, and accurate control over the two is achieved; the operation parameters of the electrolytic cell are collected and integrated to obtain a feedback parameter set, the feedback parameter set is fed back to a correlation analysis link to optimize the key influence factor identification precision, and finally a cell voltage optimization scheme is obtained. The technology can accurately identify the key influence factors, dynamically adapt to the operation change of the electrolytic cell, improve the stability of the cell voltage, reduce energy consumption and cost, and improve the efficiency of cell voltage optimization. The production efficiency and the product quality are ensured.

An apparatus for diagnosing a battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a voltage measuring unit configured to measure a voltage of a battery during a discharge process of the battery; a pulse output unit configured to generate a discharge pulse at every predetermined cycle and output the generated discharge pulse to the battery; and a control unit configured to calculate a resistance value of the battery based on a voltage deviation of the battery due to the discharge pulse, determine a resistance pattern in a preset initial discharge region based on the calculated resistance value, and diagnose whether there is lithium precipitation in the battery according to the determined resistance pattern.

The invention discloses a power control method and device for a power battery, a medium and a program product, and relates to the technical field of battery management, and the method comprises the steps: determining the reference discharge power of the power battery according to the current residual electric quantity and temperature of the power battery; calculating the real-time discharge power of the power battery according to the total voltage and the total current of the power battery; when the residual electric quantity is smaller than or equal to a preset electric quantity threshold value, monitoring the lowest single voltage of the power battery; and according to the real-time discharge power, the minimum monomer voltage and the reference discharge power, obtaining the actual allowable discharge power of the power battery. The precision of discharge power control and the smoothness of the vehicle are improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of battery management, and discloses a novel separated BMS battery management system, which comprises a data acquisition module used for acquiring the battery cell voltage and the battery cell temperature of each single battery cell in a battery pack; the state map construction module is connected with the data acquisition module and is used for constructing and maintaining a multi-dimensional state map for describing the state of each single battery cell, and the multi-dimensional state map at least comprises the battery cell voltage and the battery cell temperature acquired by the data acquisition module, and the dynamic internal resistance and the charge acceptance index of each single battery cell; and the collaborative equalization management module is connected with the state map construction module and is used for performing collaborative equalization management on the battery pack based on the multi-dimensional state map. By constructing a multi-dimensional state map including cell voltage, cell temperature, dynamic internal resistance and charge acceptance index, deep and comprehensive perception of electrochemical and thermodynamic states of a single cell is realized.

The invention discloses a fault diagnosis method for a series energy storage lithium battery pack under a charging condition, and the method comprises the following steps: (1), monitoring and collecting the single voltage and temperature of each cell in real time, and uploading the single voltage and temperature; (2) taking the single voltage of the battery cell as the characteristic of the battery cell and expanding; (3) expanding the characteristics of the battery cells, and introducing a voltage correlation coefficient between the battery cells as a new characteristic dimension; (4) calculating a correlation coefficient change rate of the current time window and the previous time window as a new feature; (5) calculating a Z-Score score of the information entropy as an expansion feature; (6) determining the characteristic vectors of the single cells to obtain a final characteristic matrix; (7) the feature matrix is put into an isolated forest algorithm for abnormal point identification; and (8) further analyzing and screening the battery cell data points marked as abnormal, and determining an abnormal reason and a fault type. The method does not need battery modeling, is suitable for various different types of battery cells, and is simple, convenient and rapid.

The invention relates to the technical field of green hydrogen production, in particular to a green hydrogen production system coupling biomass electrooxidation and water reduction, which comprises a pretreatment unit, a photovoltaic power generation unit and an electrolytic bath, the pretreatment unit is used for dissolving a polyhydroxy compound in an alkaline aqueous solution to form an alkaline electrolyte containing the polyhydroxy compound; the photovoltaic power generation unit is used for providing electric energy for the electrolysis process in the electrolytic cell, the electrolytic cell comprises a shell, an ion exchange membrane, an anode plate and a cathode plate, the ion exchange membrane divides the shell into an anode chamber and a cathode chamber, the anode plate is electrically connected with the positive electrode of the photovoltaic power generation unit, and the cathode plate is electrically connected with the negative electrode of the photovoltaic power generation unit. The shell is provided with a seawater inlet and a hydrogen outlet which are communicated with the cathode chamber, and the shell is provided with a compound inlet and a chemical outlet which are communicated with the anode chamber. According to the scheme, chemicals are obtained from the anodes, the safety is high, the cell voltage needed for driving the whole electrolysis process is greatly reduced, and the energy consumption of the whole electrolysis hydrogen production process is small.

The present disclosure is an open-loop digital PWM envelope tracking system with dynamic boost function. Systems, apparatuses, and methods are described for dynamically boosting (increasing) the supply voltage of an envelope tracking (ET) modulator in a transmitter system when the target / desired PA supply voltage exceeds a pre-determined threshold (e.g., the pre-determined threshold is equal to the available supply voltage of the system, such as the battery voltage). By boosting the supply voltage input to the ET modulator, the modulated supply provided to the power amplifier (PA) is also increased. As such, voltage clipping, which typically occurs when the target / desired PA supply voltage is higher than the available supply voltage, is mitigated or avoided, and the distortion of the transmitted signal is reduced.

The invention discloses an implementation method and system of a low-power-consumption and high-reliability built-in automobile data recorder, and relates to the technical field of vehicle-mounted electronics and intelligent monitoring. Automatically waking up the main control module and initializing a sensor, a lens, a memory and an accelerometer; constructing a multi-modal data stream, storing historical data of the latest T1 seconds through a cache region, and performing beforehand pre-recording; continuously analyzing the running state and the acceleration abnormal value of the vehicle, and when the multi-source data meets a set threshold value, judging as event triggering; when an event trigger signal is detected, combining the pre-recorded data in the cache region with a video T2 seconds after an event occurs, and executing a hierarchical locking strategy; and an uploading strategy is automatically selected according to the wireless network bandwidth and the event level. According to the method, the multi-modal data stream cache region is constructed, the latest vehicle video and sensing data are stored in real time, the evidence obtaining effectiveness is improved, and the event recognition precision is improved.

The invention discloses a broken line sampling system based on single voltage sampling in a battery pack and a detection method, relates to the field of electric vehicle power battery management, and aims to solve the problem that broken line detection is difficult under virtual voltage interference of the battery pack. The system comprises the battery pack with series single cells and a sampling judgment module with sampling points, and the module is connected with the cells through sampling lines; a sampling divider resistor and other elements and a double-pin corresponding sampling chip are arranged in the chip; the device can be directly connected with or connected with a BMS through a total sampling chip. According to the detection method, open circuit diagnosis is conventionally used, and voltage change is judged through CADC sampling and SADC diagnosis in combination with a diagnosis switch; when the voltage difference between adjacent battery cells is larger than or equal to 400 mV and the voltage sum difference value is smaller than or equal to 100 mV, the balancing switch is firstly closed to release virtual voltage, then diagnosis is carried out according to specific steps, sampling is carried out in a 60 ms period, diagnosis is triggered in a 1 s period, wire breakage can be accurately recognized, and the safety risk is reduced.

The utility model provides a fruit and vegetable cleaning machine which comprises a cleaning machine body, a cleaning device and a control device. The working water tank is arranged in the containing cavity, and a light inlet is formed in the working water tank; the electrolytic cell is arranged in the containing cavity and communicates with the working water tank, the electrolytic cell comprises a cell body, an anode arranged in the cell body, a cathode arranged in the cell body and a porous solid electrolyte layer, and the porous solid electrolyte layer is arranged between the cathode and the anode; the ultraviolet lamp is arranged in the containing cavity and used for activating hydrogen peroxide in the working water tank through ultraviolet light. According to the fruit and vegetable cleaning machine, clean water is electrolyzed through the electrolytic cell, hydrogen peroxide can be produced while fruits and vegetables are cleaned, the hydrogen peroxide is activated through the ultraviolet lamp to produce hydroxyl radicals so as to kill bacteria and viruses and remove pesticide residues, meanwhile, the cell voltage of the electrolytic cell is reduced through the porous solid electrolyte layer, and the service life of the electrolytic cell is prolonged. The service life is prolonged, and the energy consumption is reduced.

The invention discloses a testing device for a PCB (Printed Circuit Board). The testing device comprises a testing box body, a testing jig, a testing instrument and a control upper computer, a simulation battery module, a logic control module, an intermediate relay module, a reference BMS module and a power supply are arranged in the test box body; the simulation battery module outputs multiple paths of adjustable cell voltages for sampling of a PCB to be tested, the logic control module receives an instruction of an upper computer to control a test process, the intermediate relay module realizes signal switching and on-off control, the reference BMS module provides function parameter comparison, and the test instrument comprises an electronic load and a universal meter. The device is used for detecting parameters such as discharge performance, voltage and current. The test fixture is fixed and connected with a to-be-tested PCB, the contact port assembly can be replaced to adapt to different models, and the code scanning gun inputs test information and triggers a process. The device has the functions of multi-path voltage simulation, automatic signal switching and data acquisition and tracing, is modularized in structure and high in adaptability and expansibility, and can improve the batch detection efficiency and precision.

The invention discloses a lithium battery hybrid equalization method and system based on a multi-dimensional difference model, and relates to the technical field of lithium battery equalization, and the method comprises the specific steps: collecting the voltage, current and other data of a cell at 0.5-2 kHz, and calculating a comprehensive difference value; dynamic grouping is carried out according to the sequence, active equalization is carried out on the threshold exceeding Buck / Buck-Boost channels, and passive equalization is carried out on the rest of the threshold exceeding Buck / Buck-Boost channels through 0.1-5F capacitors; finally, machine learning agent optimization parameters are introduced, and only passive equalization is maintained to guarantee safety during exception; according to the method, a multi-dimensional difference fusion model is utilized, multiple parameters are integrated, a dynamic weight and a correction factor are introduced, the limitation of a single index is broken through, the active equalization proportion is flexibly adjusted in combination with a dynamic grouping algorithm, over / under-equalization is avoided, the strategy pertinence is improved, and the service life of the battery is prolonged; meanwhile, active and passive channels are combined to form a complementary mechanism, machine learning multi-objective optimization iteration parameters are matched, a passive mode is switched when abnormity occurs, and efficiency, fault tolerance and complex working condition robustness are improved.

A method and system for protecting a battery power limit, and a storage medium are disclosed. The method for protecting a battery power limit is applied to a vehicle with a battery management system. The method includes: acquiring temperature data, a state of charge, and a cell voltage extreme value of a battery, periodically; calculating a current maximum available power according to the temperature data and the state of charge; determining a power limit coefficient according to the cell voltage extreme value, and a voltage limited power interval corresponding to the temperature data; and obtaining an actual available power that the battery management system allows the vehicle to use according to the maximum available power and the power limit coefficient. According to the method, different temperature ranges can be adapted according to logic.

The invention discloses a storage battery state sensing and processing device and method based on health degree dynamic grouping, and relates to the technical field of substation direct-current power supply monitoring. The state information of the storage battery is comprehensively sensed through the operation states of floating charge current, uniform charge current, storage battery internal resistance, storage battery voltage and storage battery temperature information; the dynamic grouping module is used for dynamically grouping the health degrees of the storage battery monomers according to the health states of the storage battery monomers monitored in real time; the fault diagnosis module is used for carrying out grouping collaborative response on the faults of the storage battery monomers and judging the fault information of the storage battery monomers; and the fault handling module triggers differential handling measures according to the fault information. The method comprises the following steps: judging fault information of a storage battery monomer; acquired fault information is analyzed and judged, troubleshooting processing is prompted in time, system and operation risks are reduced, and the power supply reliability of the storage battery is improved.

The invention discloses a battery pack passive equalization chip and a battery pack, and belongs to the technical field of integrated circuits. The circuit is connected in parallel between the positive and negative ends of a single lead-acid battery of a battery pack, and comprises a configurable register, a reference voltage source, a battery voltage judgment module and an equalizing current generation module, the battery voltage judgment module judges whether the voltage at the two ends of the chip is higher than a set equalization starting threshold value and controls the equalization current generation module to be started; when the voltage is lower than a set equalization closing threshold value, no equalization current is generated; when the equalizing current generation module is started, equalizing current is generated to shunt charging current of the battery, and voltage at two ends is inhibited from continuously rising; and the configurable register controls the battery voltage judgment module to adjust the equalization starting threshold value and the equalization current. The problem of overcharging of the lead-acid battery pack caused by initial capacity deviation of a single lead-acid battery can be solved, and the overall service life of the lead-acid battery pack is remarkably prolonged; the integration level is high; the method has the advantages of high monitoring precision and low equalization error.

A fuel cell control system, which includes an electrochemical detection apparatus, a control apparatus and a power converter, and is used for coupling a fuel cell to supply power to a load. The electrochemical detection apparatus includes a sensing apparatus and a processor. The sensing apparatus is used for sensing a cell current and a cell voltage. The processor is used for executing electrochemical analysis on the basis of the cell voltage and the cell current, and determining a water content state of the fuel cell. The control apparatus is used for adjusting a fuel state of the fuel cell when the water content state is a dry film state or a water-saturated state. The power converter is used for determining a load condition of the fuel cell, and generating output power on the basis of the cell voltage and the cell current when the water content state is in a normal state, wherein the cell voltage and the cell current are related to the load condition. The present disclosure further relates to a fuel cell control method and an electrochemical detection apparatus.

The invention provides a control method and system for a new energy battery. The method comprises the steps of obtaining real-time operation parameter data of a target battery, then determining a micro-short-circuit event according to a combined threshold value of a single voltage change value, an internal resistance change value and a local temperature change value in the real-time operation parameter data, and responding to the micro-short-circuit event, according to a chemical system, health parameters and a current environment working condition of the target battery, determining a micro-short-circuit state of the target battery. And determining a target current density and a target temperature window of the self-healing operation, so as to execute the self-healing operation in which the pulse current and the stable current are combined in stages in the target current density and the target temperature window, thereby effectively removing dendrites in the battery and recovering electrochemical balance. And the risk that micro short circuit is developed into hard short circuit or thermal runaway is reduced.

The invention relates to a method for operating a fuel cell stack. In normal operation the anode is supplied with hydrogen and the cathode is supplied with air. At shutdown of the fuel cell stack the anode is inerted with an inert gas, for example nitrogen. According to the invention, at shutdown the following steps are carried out while monitoring the average cell voltage of all fuel cells of the fuel cell stack: a) the air supply to the cathode is terminated while the anode is initially continued to be supplied with hydrogen b) the hydrogen supply to the anode is terminated and the anode is inerted with the inert gas as soon as the average cell voltage falls below a first threshold value, the anode being supplied with the inert gas instead of hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen on the anode side is displaced c) the air supply to the cathode is resumed while the anode continues to be inerted with the inert gas d) the air supply to the cathode is terminated as soon as the average cell voltage falls below a second threshold value, wherein at the same time the inerting of the anode is terminated. The invention also relates to a control device which is designed to carry out the method according to the invention or individual steps of the method.

In one aspect, a method comprises receiving first data pertaining to a battery pack of a vehicle, wherein the first data is received from sensors associated with the vehicle, and the first data pertains to a battery pack current, a cell voltage, a cell current, a cell temperature, or some combination thereof; predicting a remaining useful life of the battery pack of the vehicle by using a hybrid model comprising a physics-based model that receives the first and generates properties pertaining to the battery pack; a machine learning model that uses the properties to predict the remaining useful life of each cell of the battery pack; and transmitting the remaining useful life for presentation.

Disclosed herein are a vehicle thermal runaway warning method, device, electronic equipment and readable storage medium. The method of vehicle thermal runaway warning includes obtaining operating data of a vehicle, the operating data including a plurality of cell voltage data of a battery pack in the vehicle, and dividing time windows for the plurality of cell voltage data according to a collection timing of the operating data. The method also includes extracting cell voltage characteristics from a partial cell voltage data corresponding to each of the divided time windows. The method further includes, in response to each cell voltage characteristic meeting a preset voltage warning condition, determining that the vehicle has a risk of thermal runaway, and controlling the vehicle to output thermal runaway warning information.

The invention discloses an equalization control method applied to a 12V battery pack, and relates to the technical field of equalization control of a vehicle-mounted 12V low-voltage battery pack. The method comprises the following steps that S1, an SOC layering threshold value + an SOH grading threshold value + a monomer temperature serves as a balance starting basis, balance is started only when a low SOC is smaller than 20% and the monomer voltage difference delta V is larger than or equal to 50 mV and the monomer temperature T is larger than or equal to 0 DEG C, active balance or passive balance is switched according to the monomer temperature T when the high SOC is larger than 80%, and a balance mode is determined in combination with the SOH grading threshold value when S is larger than or equal to 20% and smaller than or equal to 80% when S is larger than or equal to 20% and smaller than or equal to 80%; and S2, the passive equalization unit is connected in series with an NTC temperature compensation resistor, the temperature coefficient of the NTC resistor is-2.5% / DEG C to-3% / DEG C, and the equalization current is improved by reducing the equivalent resistance at a low temperature (less than 0 DEG C). Through SOC + SOH + temperature multi-dimensional triggering, low SOC false triggering is avoided, the equalization termination delta V is reduced to 10 mV, and the voltage difference rebound amplitude after standing is smaller than 5 mV.

A portable jump-starting device includes an internal multi-cell lithium battery pack, a power conversion circuit, and a battery charge and discharge control circuit. The control circuit includes a battery management integrated circuit that monitors cell voltages, current, and temperature, and independently controls transistors arranged in separate charge and discharge current paths. A charge transistor and diode selectively couple a regulated charging source to the battery pack, and a discharge transistor and diode selectively couple the battery pack to external terminal connectors. The battery management integrated circuit disables charging or discharging in response to over-voltage, under-voltage, over-current, or over-temperature conditions. In certain embodiments, a relay is connected in parallel with a discharge diode to provide a low-resistance path during high-current jump-starting operations.