The invention relates to an image classification method based on random Fourier feature transformation, and belongs to the technical field of image classification. The classification method comprises the steps of 1 preprocessing a training image, obtaining a preprocessed image, wherein preprocessing comprises graying, geometric transformation, image enhancement, image segmentation and image denoising; 2, performing feature extraction on the preprocessed image to obtain image features, and constructing a training set, wherein the image features comprise color features, texture features, algebraic features and transformation features; 3, training similar image features to obtain a new weight vector and a separation distance; and 4, performing preprocessing, feature extraction, random Fourier transform and classification on the to-be-classified image to obtain a classification result. According to the method, the accuracy of small sample and single sample images is high; the time and space complexity is low; the problems of neural network result selection and local minimum value are avoided; and the generalization of high-dimensional and nonlinear classification problems is good.