The invention discloses an optical fiber asynchronous triggering-based high-speed rail substation-used cable partial discharge positioning device, which comprises a high-frequency current sensor, a partial discharge acquisition module, a triggering and communication module and a data analysis module, wherein the partial discharge acquisition module adopts digital filtering and amplification conditioning, partial discharge signals sensed by the high-frequency current sensor are subjected to analog-to-digital conversion, the data are then transmitted to an upper computer through the triggering and communication module, and synchronous data are calculated by data analysis by upper computer software, and partial discharge positioning is carried out. The triggering signals sequentially triggerthe acquisition devices through the optical fiber, the acquisition devices sequentially acquire partial discharge signals, the signals are then transmitted to the upper computer through the optical fiber, the upper computer can realize ns-level synchronization accuracy of the acquired data after compensation based on inherent delay between acquisition devices, and thus, partial discharge positiondiagnosis can be carried out.