The invention discloses a device for autotrophic nitrogen removal of a composite biological membrane and an operation method. The device comprises a water inlet tank, an anoxic reactor, a first aerobic reactor, a second aerobic reactor, a third aerobic reactor, a fourth aerobic reactor and a settling pond which are communicated in sequence, wherein the inlet water in the water inlet tank is in communication with digested sludge dehydrating liquid of an urban sewage treatment plant, and the outlet water is in communication with the anoxic reactor; a sludge discharging pipe and a valve are arranged at the bottom part of the settling pond and are communicated with a sludge return pump and the anoxic reactor; a stirring device is arranged in the anoxic reactor; fixed fillers and aerating heads communicated with air compressors are placed in the first aerobic reactor, the second aerobic reactor, the third aerobic reactor and the fourth aerobic reactor; and a clean water overflowing port is formed in the settling pond. The operation method comprises the following steps: 1) inoculating sludge, culturing, and accessing an active sludge adaptive phase; 2) starting short-term nitratlon reaction; 3) implementing anaerobic ammonia oxidation; and 4) accessing a short-term nitration-anaerobic ammonia oxidation smooth operating phase. The device is applicable to denitriding of high-ammonia nitrogen sludge dehydrating solution in sewage treatment, and is perfect in structure, simple in operation, high in denitriding effect, and low in energy consumption.