The invention discloses a bituminous mixture loading system based on machine vision and a control method. The system comprises a compartment type loading chamber, a loading door mechanism, a vehicle mobile platform and a machine vision control system. The vehicle mobile platform comprises a track flat plate, a longitudinal beam support, a roller mechanism and a roller driving mechanism. The machine vision control system comprises a control module, an illumination device, a rotating encoder, a pressure sensor, a camera and a photoelectric sensor. The control method comprises the first step of preparation work before loading of a bituminous mixture, the second step of setting of loading parameters of the bituminous mixture, the third step of rapid flat laying and loading, the fourth step of accurate flat laying and loading and the fifth step of unloading of a loading vehicle and scattered material recovery. According to the bituminous mixture loading system, design is reasonable, operation is easy and convenient, the using effect is good, the bituminous mixture loading process is controlled in real time, automatic flat laying type loading is achieved for the bituminous mixture, loading separation of the bituminous mixture is effectively reduced, and environmental pollution is reduced.