The invention relates to an optical microscope system based on liquid drop and a detection method implemented by the optical microscope system. The optical microscope system based on the liquid drop comprises an optical microscope, an ultrasonic vibrator, a container, a base plate and an electrode. The electrode is arranged on the base plate, and the base plate is arranged in the container. When the optical microscope system works, a to-be-detected object can be arranged on the electrode, liquid drop materials can be converted into the liquid drop by the ultrasonic vibrator, the liquid drop is suspended in solvents, voltages are applied onto the electrode, and the liquid drop can be shifted to spaces between a lens of the optical microscope and the to-be-detected object by dielectrophoretic force generated after the voltages are applied onto the electrode. The optical microscope system and the detection method have the advantages that the liquid drop is utilized as an optical lens, images of the to-be-detected object can be primarily amplified by the liquid drop, accordingly, influence of external interference and diffraction effects can be lowered, and the resolution can be improved; the liquid drop is suspended in the solvents and can flow along with the solvents; the liquid drop can be shifted by the dielectrophoretic force and can be fixed at specific positions; the resolution of optical microscopic technologies can be improved, and the optical microscope system is simple in structure and low in cost.