The invention relates to a method and a device capable of improving the capture rate of carbon dioxide in oilfield carbon dioxide flooding produced gas. The method comprises the following steps: pre-cooling feed gas; cooling CO2; flashing and separating the feed gas; carrying out low-temperature stripping; and recycling overhead gas. The device comprises a feed gas pre-cooler, a CO2 cooler, a flash tank, a stripping tower, a tower bottom reboiler, a tower top cooler, an overhead gas separator, an overhead gas compressor and a compression outlet cooler; the tower bottom reboiler is connected with the feed gas pre-cooler through a pipeline; the feed gas pre-cooler is connected with the CO2 cooler through a pipeline, the CO2 cooler is connected with the flash tank through a pipeline, the flash tank is connected with the stripping tower through a pipeline, the stripping tower is connected with the overhead gas separator through a pipeline, and the overhead gas separator is connected with the tower top cooler through a pipeline. Compared with an existing low-temperature rectification process, an overhead gas recovery process is developed, the cold energy is recycled, cyclic utilizationof CO2 is realized, emptying frequency is reduced and the CO2 recovery rate is increased.