The invention discloses a membrane capacitive deionization device for circulation treatment and a treatment method. The membrane capacitive deionization device comprises a membrane capacitance deionization component, a step-up/step-down converter, a direct-current (DC) power supply, a raw water storage tank, a middle liquid storage tank, a regenerated water storage tank, a fresh water storage tank, a conductivity monitor, a water pump, a power valve, a check valve and a DC/DC converter. Based on a technique of double-electrode layer desalting principles, the membrane capacitive deionization device is capable of removing salt and storing energy; and in the regeneration process of a capacitive deionization unit, the stored energy can be released. Collection of the part of energy can be achieved, and the collected energy can be used as an external power supply of the capacitive deionization unit for desalting operation. In order to achieve the purpose of maximization of energy storage, the step-up/step-down converter is introduced, energy recycling can be achieved, and the energy consumption can be reduced. Due to the design of the experiment device disclosed by the invention, an effect of multi-level treatment on strong brine can be achieved.