The invention provides a rapid liquid mist characteristic measuring method based on a digital image treatment technique. The measuring method comprises the following steps: acquiring an image of a liquid mist field through a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) camera, performing gray processing, subsequently extracting liquid drop information in the image by a Roberts edge detection algorithm, calculating the SMD (Sauter Mean Diameter) of different areas of the liquid mist field, accounting the number of liquid drops in the different areas and the number of liquid drops with different diameters so as to obtain the distribution of the number of the liquid drops in the different areas, the distribution of the liquid drops with different diameters, the density distribution of the liquid drops, the volume distribution of the liquid drops, the accumulation volume distribution of the liquid drops, the average MMD (Mass Median Diameter) and the evenness indexes of the liquid drops, and inputting the data into Tecplot software to output a change curve and cloud distribution of the liquid mist characteristic parameters. The measuring method is high in measurement precision, high in speed and high in efficiency and is capable of performing batch processing on multiple liquid mist images and capable of further improving the measurement precision by increasing the sampling frequency, the liquid mist characteristic parameters are detailed, stable and reliable, and the measurement cost is effectively lowered.