The invention relates to a tunnel LED illumination control system and method. The control system comprises an outside-cave luminance meter, an inside-cave luminance meter, a traffic flow collector, a vehicle speed detector, a central main control computer, a tunnel field industrial personal computer, a branch control computer and an illumination lamp. The illumination lamp is formed by connecting LED lamps which are connected in a single-loop mode. The outside-cave luminance meter, the traffic flow collector, the vehicle speed detector and the inside-cave luminance meter are connected with the tunnel field industrial personal computer. The tunnel field industrial personal computer is connected with the central main control computer. The tunnel field industrial personal computer is connected with the branch control computer. The branch control computer is in communication with the illumination lamp through a Zigbee wireless network. By means of the system and the method, it is ensured that illumination brightness inside a tunnel is reasonable while electricity is saved, power is supplied to all the LED lamps in a single-loop method, power supply is made reasonable due to Zigbee wireless communication, wiring is saved, and the operating cost of an illumination system of the tunnel is greatly reduced.