51 results about "Metal dusting" patented technology

A metallic material of the invention which comprises, in mass %, C: not more than 0.2%, Si: 0.01-4%, Mn: 0.05-2%, P: not more than 0.04%, S: not more than 0.015%, Cr: 10-35%, Ni: 30-78%, Al: not less than 0.005% but less than 4.5%, N: 0.005-0.2%, and one or both of Cu: 0.015-3% and Co: 0.015-3%, with the balance substantially being Fe, and of which the value of 40Si+Ni+5Al+40N+10 (Cu+Co), wherein the symbols of elements represent the contents of the respective elements, is not less than 50 and has excellent corrosion resistance in an environment in which metal dusting is ready to occur and, therefore, can be utilized as or in heating furnace pipes, piping systems, heat exchanger pipes and so forth to be used in a petroleum refinery or in petrochemical plants, and can markedly improve the equipment durability and safety.

A multiple adiabatic bed reforming apparatus and process are disclosed in which stage-wise combustion, in combination with multiple reforming chambers with catalyst, utilize co-flow and cross-flow under laminar flow conditions, to provide a reformer suitable for smaller production situations as well as large scale production. A passive stage by stage fuel distribution network suitable for low pressure fuel is incorporated and the resistances in successive fuel distribution lines control the amount of fuel delivered to each combustion stage. The fuel distribution system allows relatively constant fuel and air flow during turn up or turn down conditions. High efficiency is achieved by capturing heat from reforming syngas product to preheat gases before entering the reformer. Conditions that would produce unwanted coking or metal dusting are also eliminated or localized to locations within the apparatus outside the heat exchangers, but which locations can be cost effectively protected. Also, a chemical reactor is disclosed and which has a core composed of a stack of metal plates that are diffusion bonded in face-to-face relationship. A plurality of reaction zones are located within the core, as are a plurality of catalyst receiving zones, and both the reaction zones and the catalyst receiving zones are defined by respective aligned apertures in the plates. First and second channel arrangements are provided in the plates for transporting first and second reactants to reaction zones. Portions of the first channel arrangement that interconnect the reaction zones are formed as heat exchange channels. A third channel arrangement is provided in the plates for transporting a third reactant to catalyst receiving zones. Portions of the third channel arrangement are formed as heat exchange channels in proximity to the heat exchange channels of the first channel arrangement.

A method is disclosed for coating substantially pure boron or highly boron-rich borides in a controlled manner. Such a method of coating of boron has a variety of applications, including surface chemical and wear protection, neutron absorption, prevention of impurity emission from heated filaments and ion beams, elimination of metal dust from vacuum systems, boridizing, boron cluster emission, and reactive chemistry. Borides with a boron-to-metal ratio of 20 or more are known to exist and may be used as a feedstock for substantially pure boron coatings for deposition processes requiring feedstock electrical conductivity, and / or enhanced reactivity. While most metal borides coincidentally produce significant metal vapor as a by-product, certain borides of yttrium, holmium, erbium, thulium, terbium, gadolinium, and lutetium have been identified as capable of producing substantially pure boron vapor.

High performance coated metal compositions resistant to metal dusting corrosion and methods of providing such compositions are provided by the present invention. The coated metal compositions are represented by the structure (PQR), wherein P is an oxide layer at the surface of (PQR), Q is a coating metal layer interposed between P and R, and R is a base metal. P includes alumina, chromia, silica, mullite or mixtures thereof. Q includes Ni and Al, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cr, Si, Mn, Fe, Co, B, C, N, P, Ga, Ge, As, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, Sc, La, Y, Ce, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and mixtures thereof. R is selected from the group consisting of carbon steels, low chromium steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenetic stainless steels, duplex stainless steels, Inconel alloys, Incoloy alloys, Fe—Ni based alloys, Ni-based alloys and Co-based alloys. Advantages exhibited by the disclosed coated metal compositions include improved metal dusting corrosion resistance at high temperatures in carbon-supersaturated environments having relatively low oxygen partial pressures. The coated metal compositions are suitable for use in syngas generation process equipment.

[Objective] To provide a metal material having excellent metal dusting resistance which is suited for using cracking furnaces, reforming furnaces, heating furnaces or heat exchangers, in petroleum refining, petrochemical plants, etc.[Means for Solution] A metal material having excellent metal dusting resistance, characterized in comprising, by mass %, C: 0.01 to 0.4%, Si: 0.01 to 2.5%, Mn: 0.01 to 2.5%, Cr: 15 to 35%, Ni: 20 to 65%, Cu: 0.05 to 20%, S: not more than 0.1%, N: not more than 0.25% and O (oxygen): not more than 0.02% and the balance Fe and impurities, and also containing, by mass %, one or more selected among the elements of P: more than 0.05% and not more than 0.3%, Sb: 0.001 to 1% and Bi: 0.001 to 0.5. It may further contain one or more selected among the elements of Nd: 0.001 to 0.15%, Co: not more than 10%, Mo: not more than 3%, W: not more than 6%, Ti: not more than 1%, Nb: not more than 2%, B: not more than 0.1%, Zr: not more than 1.2%, Hf: not more than 0.5%, Mg: not more than 0.1%, Ca: not more than 0.1%, Al: not more than 0.8%, Y: not more than 0.15%, La: not more than 0.15% and Ce: not more than 0.15%.

A multiple adiabatic bed reforming apparatus and process involving stage-wise combustion and multiple reforming chambers. Co-flow and cross-flow occurs under laminar flow conditions. A reformer suitable for small scale production as well as large scale production. A passive stage-by-stage fuel distribution network suitable for low pressure fuel wherein the resistances in successive fuel distribution lines control the amount of fuel delivered to each combustion stage. Heat is captured from reforming syngas product to preheat gases before entering the reformer. Conditions that would produce unwanted coking or metal dusting are avoided or localized away from the heat exchangers to locations which can be cost effectively protected. A chemical reactor which has a core composed of a stack of metal plates that are diffusion bonded in face-to-face relationship.

Alloy compositions which are resistant to metal dusting corrosion are provided by the present invention. Also provided are methods for preventing metal dusting on metal surfaces exposed to carbon supersaturated environments. The alloy compositions include an alloy (PQR), and a multi-layer oxide film on the surface of the alloy (PQR). The alloy (PQR) includes a metal (P) selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Co, and mixtures thereof, an alloying metal (Q) comprising Cr, Mn, and either Al, Si, or Al / Si, and an alloying element (R). When the alloying metal (Q) includes Al, the multi-layer oxide film on the surface of the alloy includes at least three oxide layers. When the alloying metal (Q) includes Si, the multi-layer oxide film on the surface of the alloy (PQR) includes at least four oxide layers. When the alloying metal (Q) includes Al and Si, the multi-layer oxide film on the surface of the alloy (PQR) includes at least three oxide layers. The multi-layer oxide film is formed in situ during use of the alloy composition in a carbon supersaturated metal dusting environment. Advantages exhibited by the disclosed alloy compositions include improved metal dusting corrosion resistance at high temperatures in carbon-supersaturated environments having relatively low oxygen partial pressures. The disclosed alloy compositions are suitable for use as the inner surfaces in reactor systems and refinery apparatus.

The metal surface protected against metal-dusting corrosion has an insulating layer of a gas-permeable, thermally insulating material. The side of the thermal insulating layer that is colder during operation is in direct vicinity of the metal surface, and the side of the insulating layer that is hotter during operation is heated by a gas stream containing carbon monoxide, which in addition contains hydrogen and / or steam and has a temperature in the range from 300 to 1700 DEG C. In the region between the metal surface to be protected and the hot side of the insulating layer a catalyst is provided for reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen and / or steam.

The invention provides a Heat Exchange Reformer (HER) arranged to be part of a synthesis gas production unit and comprising at least a first and a second metal in order to minimise metal dusting. The invention moreover relates to a method for improved thermal control in a Heat Exchange Reformer (HER) and a computer readable storage medium. The invention provides improved thermal control and reduced metal dusting of the Heat Exchange Reformer.

An improved centrifugally-cast tube is provided, along with a related method and apparatus of making the tube. The tube includes a plurality of grooves and bosses that are mechanically machined into an interior surface of the tube, such as by a broaching process. The profile of grooves and bosses may be defined by a plurality of intersecting concave and convex radii. The tube is resistant to creep, carburization and metal dusting. The tube also has an enhanced heat transfer rate, and a desirable surface roughness. A method of making the tube is also provided. The method essentially consists of mechanically deforming the interior surface of the tube by passing a series of cutting inserts on support rings having incrementally-differing dimensions over the interior surface. An apparatus is also provided which includes a telescoping shaft upon which is mounted at least one cutting tool that has a plurality of cutting inserts and is adapted to form a plurality of grooves and bosses in the interior surface of the tube. The grooves and bosses may be straight or spiraled.

An improved centrifugally-cast tube is provided, along with a related method and apparatus of making the tube. The tube includes a plurality of grooves and bosses that are mechanically machined into an interior surface of the tube, such as by a broaching process The profile of grooves and bosses may be defined by a plurality of intersecting concave and convex radii. The tube is resistant to creep, carburization and metal dusting. The table also has an enhanced heat transfer rate, and a desirable surface roughness. A method of making the tube is also provided. The method essentially consists of mechanically deforming the interior surface of the tube by passing a series of cutting inserts on support rings having incrementally-differing dimensions over the interior surface. An apparatus is also provided which includes a telescoping shaft upon which is mounted at least one cutting tool that has a plurality of cutting inserts and is adapted to form a plurality of grooves and bosses in the interior surface of the tube. The grooves and bosses may be straight or spiraled.

A product is disclosed which is resistant or immune to carburization, metal dusting, coking, oxidation, and has sufficient mechanical strength for use at temperatures greater than 400 DEG C. The product consist of a load-bearing member and a corrosion resistant member, wherein the corrosion resistant member is a Cu-Al-alloy comprising Si. Furthermore, the use of the product in CO-containing atmospheres, and / or hydrocarbon containing atmospheres or solid carbon containing processes is disclosed, as well as a method of resisting carburization, metal dusting, coking and oxidation.

Systems and methods for maintaining a sulfur concentration in a syngas are provided. The method can include combining sulfur and a carbonaceous material to produce a sulfur containing carbonaceous feed. The method can also include gasifying at least a portion of the sulfur containing carbonaceous feed to produce a syngas and detecting a sulfur concentration in the syngas. The method can further include adjusting an amount of the sulfur combined with the carbonaceous material based on the detected sulfur concentration.

Alloy compositions which are resistant to metal dusting corrosion are provided by the present invention. Also provided are methods for preventing metal dusting on metal surfaces exposed to carbon supersaturated environments. The alloy compositions include an alloy (PQR), and a multi-layer oxide film on the surface of the alloy (PQR). The alloy (PQR) includes a metal (P) selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Co, and mixtures thereof, an alloying metal (Q) comprising Cr, Mn, and either Al, Si, or Al / Si, and an alloying element (R). When the alloying metal (Q) includes Al, the multi-layer oxide film on the surface of the alloy includes at least three oxide layers. When the alloying metal (Q) includes Si, the multi-layer oxide film on the surface of the alloy (PQR) includes at least four oxide layers. When the alloying metal (Q) includes Al and Si, the multi-layer oxide film on the surface of the alloy (PQR) includes at least three oxide layers. The multi-layer oxide film is formed in situ during use of the alloy composition in a carbon supersaturated metal dusting environment. Advantages exhibited by the disclosed alloy compositions include improved metal dusting corrosion resistance at high temperatures in carbon-supersaturated environments having relatively low oxygen partial pressures. The disclosed alloy compositions are suitable for use as the inner surfaces in reactor systems and refinery apparatus.

Carburization and metal-dusting while hydrodealkylating a hydrodealkylatable hydrocarbon are reduced even in the substantial absence of added sulfur.

A multiple adiabatic bed reforming apparatus and process involving stage-wise combustion and multiple reforming chambers. Co-flow and cross-flow occurs under laminar flow conditions. A reformer suitable for small scale production as well as large scale production. A passive stage-by-stage fuel distribution network suitable for low pressure fuel wherein the resistances in successive fuel distribution lines control the amount of fuel delivered to each combustion stage. Heat is captured from reforming syngas product to preheat gases before entering the reformer. Conditions that would produce unwanted coking or metal dusting are avoided or localized away from the heat exchangers to locations which can be cost effectively protected. A chemical reactor which has a core composed of a stack of metal plates that are diffusion bonded in face-to-face relationship.

A method and system for producing a synthesis gas in an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system that utilizes a combined feed stream having a steam to carbon ratio between about 1.6 and 3.0 and a temperature between about 500° C. and 750° C. The combined feed stream is comprised a pre-reformed hydrocarbon feed, superheated steam, and a reaction product stream created by the reaction of a hydrogen containing stream reacted with the permeated oxygen at the permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements and wherein the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system and associated synthesis production process equipment are substantially free of carbon formation and metal dusting corrosion.

A multiple adiabatic bed reforming apparatus and process are disclosed in which stage-wise combustion, in combination with multiple reforming chambers with catalyst, utilize co-flow and cross-flow under laminar flow conditions, to provide a reformer suitable for smaller production situations as well as large scale production. A passive stage by stage fuel distribution network suitable for low pressure fuel is incorporated and the resistances in successive fuel distribution lines control the amount of fuel delivered to each combustion stage. The fuel distribution system allows relatively constant fuel and air flow during turn up or turn down conditions. High efficiency is achieved by capturing heat from reforming syngas product to preheat gases before entering the reformer. Conditions that would produce unwanted coking or metal dusting are also eliminated or localized to locations within the apparatus outside the heat exchangers, but which locations can be cost effectively protected.

The invention relates to a method of protecting equipment intended to operate at high temperature in the presence of a fluid containing at least one hydrocarbon and / or carbon monoxide against corrosion by metal dusting and / or carburization, method in which pieces of the equipment are made from an alloy containing nickel, iron, chromium and / or aluminum, and / or copper and in which said pieces of the equipment are protected from said corrosion by a protective coating. This method is characterized in that said equipment pieces protected in this way are connected to each other by means of joining pieces, said joining pieces being protected beforehand over at least part of their surface intended to be brought into contact with said fluid at high temperature, and in that each of the connections intended to be subjected to said corrosion is produced by external welding of the ends of the joining piece with said pieces of equipment.

An article of manufacture for reducing susceptibility of a metal pipe to metal dusting degradation. The article includes a multi-layer tubing having an alloy layer and a copper layer. The alloy layer can include a Ni based, an Al based and an Fe based alloy layer. In addition, layers of chrome oxide, spinel and aluminum oxide can be used.

The invention relates to a metal material, in particular to a high-strength metal material, and belongs to the technical field of metal alloy materials. The high-strength metal material comprises, byweight, 2-8 parts of Mo, 1-2 parts of Po, 1-3 parts of Ir, 1-2 parts of Os, 1-2 parts of Pd, 1-3 parts of Zr, 1-4 parts of Y, 1-2 parts of Cu, 1-3 parts of Sc, 1-4 parts of P, 1-3 parts of Te, 1-2 parts of Si and 100 parts of Fe. According to the metal material, the Mo, the Po, the Ir, the Os, the Pd, the Zr, the Y, the Cu, the Sc, the P, the Te, the Si and the Fe are compounded, and the synergistic effect of the raw materials is utilized so that the strength of the metal material can be high, and the requirement of a specific place for the strength of the metal material can be met; and meanwhile, the metal material also has excellent metal dusting resistance, carburization resistance and coking resistance.

Disclosed is a process for the production of a syngas mixture by catalytic partial oxidation. The syngas mixture is suitable as an intermediate in the production of hydrogen. According to the invention, the syngas is cooled, prior to a water gas shift reaction, with liquid water. This has the advantage of avoiding the problem of metal dusting, and it presents a gas mixture comprising water vapor that is particularly suitable for a water gas shift reaction in the production of hydrogen.

The invention relates to arc-extinguishing chamber, arc-extinguishing chamber tank and high-voltage switching equipment applying this arc-extinguishing chamber. The arc-extinguishing chamber comprises main part of tank which consists of barrel and end cap mounted on the barrel with axis stretching to both sides; the inner wall of barrel is covered with solid insulation layer and at least one end of the end cap is covered with solid insulation layer on its inner wall, thus a complete blocked layer is jointly formed through interconnection of solid insulation layer on both barrel and end cap. Just as the fixed insulation layer on barrel can act as protection, that on end cap can also be the protection, avoiding the damage from high-temperature airflow and also benefiting to shorten axial dimension of the tank, at the same time, the complete blocked layer jointly formed through interconnection of the solid insulation layer on both barrel and end cap can improve the condition of metallic dust depositing on end cap, thus to achieve better protective effect and ideal insulating property.