The invention relates to an optical current sensor and a high-frequency signal measurement system. The optical current sensor comprises an optical sensing part, a polarization maintaining fiber, an insulator and a demodulation module. The optical sensing part, the polarization maintaining fiber and the demodulation module are connected in sequence. The optical sensing part is supported by the insulator. The polarization maintaining fiber locates in an inner cavity of the insulator. The optical sensing part comprises a first sensing fiber ring, a second sensing fiber ring, a first wave plate, a first reflector, a second wave plate, a second reflector and a support, wherein the first wave plate, the first reflector, the second wave plate, the second reflector and the support are all made of nonmetal material. The first sensing fiber ring and the second sensing fiber ring are opposite in current direction. The demodulation module outputs two linearly-polarized beams passing the polarization maintaining fiber and the optical sensing part, the linearly-polarized beams carrying measured current information are returned and received by the polarization maintaining fiber, the beams are operated on the basis of differential induction, and measured current is obtained. The optical current sensor is capable of measuring high-frequency signals, and measurement is higher in accuracy and reliability.