The invention discloses a phase-change energy storage device. The phase-change energy storage device comprises a heat conduction piston cavity, a phase-change unit, a heat conduction piston, a limiting ring, a first spring, a heat conduction cap and a heat sink; the piston cavity and the heat sink are oppositely arranged on the front surface and the rear surface, the heat sink is arranged in front of the piston cavity, the front end of the piston cavity is open, and the rear end of the piston cavity is sealed; the piston is in sliding fit in the piston cavity, and the piston is in dynamic sealing with the inner wall of the piston cavity; the phase-change unit is filled in a cavity defined by the end part of the rear end of the piston and the piston cavity, the limiting ring is fixedly connected with the inner wall of the front end of the piston cavity, and the first spring is arranged between the limiting ring and the piston; and the two ends of the first spring are respectively abutted against the limiting ring and the piston, the heat conduction cap is connected with the front end of the piston, the front end of the heat conduction cap penetrates out of the piston cavity, and the heat sink is arranged in front of the heat conduction cap. The phase-change energy storage device can dissipate heat generated by high-power equipment on the basis of keeping a small size, the problem of thermal control of the high-power equipment on a satellite is solved, and normal operation of the equipment is guaranteed.