The invention discloses a CP-ABE-based fixed ciphertext length proxy re-encryption system and method in cloud computing. By the adoption of the method, efficient safe access and sharing of a data file in the cloud computing environment are achieved. According to the method, on one hand, the proxy re-encryption technology is adopted for ciphertext conversion so that a ciphertext which can be decrypted by an authorizer can be converted into a ciphertext which can be decrypted by an authorized person, to be specific, after a file of a data owner is encrypted and uploaded to a cloud proxy server, under the condition that the authorizer is not available, the cloud proxy server re-encrypts the encrypted file, and the authorized person can acquire a plaintext through decryption with a private key of the authorized person after acquiring the re-encrypted file from the cloud proxy server, so that safe access and sharing of data are guaranteed; on the other hand, during ciphertext encryption, the CP-ABE-based fixed ciphertext length algorithm is adopted for ciphertext computing, so that the length of the ciphertext is fixed and does not increase along with the increase of the number of attributes, and then computing expenses are effectively reduced.