The invention discloses an inverse treatment planning method of a treatment plan. The method comprises the following steps of: A, inputting a medical image of a patient; B, drawing tissue outlines of a body surface, a target body and injured organs of the patient; C, setting an inverse planning target; D, creating an initial treatment plan; E, setting iterative optimization parameters; F, generating an individual treatment plan; G, calculating a dose field of the individual treatment plan; H, selecting a current optimum plan according to the dose field; I, executing the step L if a difference value between the current optimum plan and the inverse planning target is smaller than a preset first threshold value, or executing the next step; J, executing the step L if the number of times of evolution is equal to the number of frequencies of population evolution, or executing the next step; K, evolving generation to new-generation population by mating and/or variation, and executing the step G; and L, stopping the population evolution and outputting the current optimum plan. The invention also discloses a treatment planning system. By adoption of a population evolution method based on a gene algorithm, iteration is carried out by a mating or variation method, so that the whole iterative process is simple and efficient.