The invention discloses a system for achieving the real-time exchange of the outdoor monitoring data of a hydrological environment, and the system is characterized in that the system comprises a hydrological environment monitoring instrument, a mobile terminal, a central database, an overall processing module, a geographical information database, a task database, a task processing module, an employee database, a personal task list, a short message gateway cross certification system, and an instrument database. The invention relates to the field of hydrological environment outdoor monitoring, especially the system for carrying out real-time data exchange in the outdoor monitoring of the hydrological environment. The beneficial effects of the invention are that the system technically guarantees the real-time synchronism and safety of data; the system improves the position precision of section measurement; the system enables the monitoring data to be corrected and checked in real time, reduces the invalidation and repeated measurement of emergency monitoring data, improves the reliability of emergency monitoring data, and prolongs the forecast period of pollutant dispersion.