The invention relates to a movable ground source heat pump thermal response test instrument and a testing method. The movable ground source heat pump thermal response test instrument comprises a vertical U-shaped pipe buried in a ground source to be detected, a water box, an electric heater, a circulating water pump, a flowmeter, two temperature sensors, a power adjusting instrument, a PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) controller, a data acquisition instrument and a frequency converter, wherein the vertical U-shaped pipe is connected with a water inlet and a water outlet of the water box, the electric heater is placed on the bottom of the water box, the two temperature sensors are respectively arranged in a water inlet pipe port and a water outlet pipe port of the vertical U-shaped pipe, the flowmeter is arranged in the water inlet pipe port of the water box, and signals of the flowmeter and the two temperature sensors are sent to the data acquisition instrument, signals of the temperature sensors in the water inlet pipe port of the vertical U-shaped pipe are sent to the PID controller, an output signal of the PID controller is sent to the power adjusting instrument for controlling the electric heater, and the frequency converter controls the circulating water pump. The test instrument can finish a soil thermal response test of a ground source heat pump under two working conditions with constant heat flux or steady temperature, the real-time data acquisition and analysis are realized in the test, and the accurate soil thermal response data is obtained.