The invention provides an emergency rescue escape device for ship navigation and relates to the technical field of ship escape device. The emergency rescue escape device comprises an inner shell, floating bags, a rescue cabin and a gas conveying mechanism, wherein the inner shell comprises a main shell and a movable shell, a plurality of floating bags are arranged on an outer wall of the inner shell, the rescue cabin is provided with a sealed cabin door, the rescue cabin is arranged in the main shell, the sealed cabin door is arranged on the movable shell, the sealed cabin door is provided with a sliding rod, a sliding groove is arranged on the rescue cabin, a sliding rod is inserted into the sliding groove, the air conveying mechanism comprises a hollow pipe, an air conveying pipeline, atray, a lead screw threaded rod and a guide rod, the hollow pipe is vertically arranged at the top of the rescue cabin, an upper end of the hollow pipe penetrates through the main shell, the air conveying pipeline is arranged in the hollow pipe, a lower end of the air conveying pipeline extends into the rescue cabin and is connected with the tray, and the lead screw threaded rod and the guide rodpenetrate through the tray. The emergency rescue escape device is advantaged in that the floating bags outside the inner shell can float on a sea surface, crew can be contained in the rescue cabin, and the escape capacity of the ship after an accident occurs is achieved.