There is provided a reconfigurable 
scanning electron microscope (RSEM) (100) comprising: (a) a gun 
assembly (110) and an associated 
electron optical column (120) for generating an 
electron beam (600), for demagnifying the 
electron beam (600) to generate an electron probe (C3) and for scanning the probe (C3) across a sample (190); (b) an electron 
detector (550) for detecting emissions from the sample (190) in response to scanned electron probe 
irradiation thereof and for generating a corresponding detected 
signal (Sd) indicative of the magnitude of the emissions; and (c) a display (170) for receiving the detected 
signal (Sd) and scanning signals (x, y) indicative of the position of the probe (C3) relative to the sample (190) for generating the image of the sample (190). The RSEM (100) is distinguished in that it further includes aperture bearing members (500, 520), each member (500, 520) including an associated electon-beam transmissive aperture, for at least partially gaseously isolating the gun 
assembly (110) and the electron optical column (110) from the sample (190), thereby enabling the RSEM (100) to be reconfigurable as a high-vacuum 
scanning electron microscope and also as an 
environmental scanning electron microscope, the RSEM (100) being reconfigurable to include no aperture members, one aperture member (500, 750) and a plurality of aperture members (500, 750; 520 850, 860).