The invention discloses an underwater robot control system for detection and operation. The underwater robot control system comprises a water surface control system and an underwater control system, the water surface control system is placed on a bank side or a mother ship, and the underwater control system is installed on an underwater detection and operation robot; the water surface control system includes a water surface control panel, a water surface communication transceiver, an umbilical cable, and VR glasses; and the underwater control system includes an underwater communication transceiver, an ARM9 main controller, an ARM-M0 alternate controller, an underwater power supply module, a power supply security detection module, a water leakage detection module, a first low voltage powersupply, a communication module, a second low voltage power supply, a download port, a pan-tilt camera, a sensor module, an underwater lamp, a mechanical hand, and a propeller control module. The underwater robot control system for detection and operation has the advantages of multi-function and modularization, and is convenient to install or disassemble; and the water surface control panel has anemergency stop function and is provided with a wirelessly connected tablet computer for mobile monitoring and positioning.