The invention provides an aluminum rod welding device, and relates to the technical field of welding. The aluminum rod welding device includes a working table, a clamping mechanism and a welding mechanism, the working table is provided with a rotatable base, the base rotates from a transverse horizontal state to a longitudinal vertical state, the clamping mechanism includes a first clamping pieceand a second clamping piece which are successively arranged in the horizontal direction of the base, a to-be-welded aluminum rod is clamped and fixed to the first clamping piece in the horizontal direction, a welding block to be welded to the aluminum rod is clamped and fixed to the second clamping piece, and the welding mechanism includes a high-frequency induction welder and an induction heater.The working table is provided with the rotatable base, when the base is in a horizontally and transversely placed state, feeding and discharging are conducted, thus a to-be-welded area corresponds tothe welding mechanism, after welding, the base rotates to the initial transverse horizontal state and then discharging is conducted, operation is easy and convenient, both time and labor are saved, automated mass welding work is facilitated, and high-efficiency and normal operation of the welding work is ensured. The invention further provides an aluminum rod welding method.