The invention relates to a method and a device for the on-line acquisition of steel rail temperature, strain and acceleration data, and belongs to the technical field of temperature, strain and vibration acceleration measurement. The device comprises a temperature sensor, a strain sensor, an acceleration sensor, a first wireless data acquisition node, a second wireless data acquisition node, a first power supply unit, a second power supply unit, a third power supply unit, a gateway and a remote PC client, wherein the first wireless data acquisition node and the second wireless data acquisition node are composed of a group bridge circuit, an amplification circuit, a filtering circuit, an A / D switching circuit, a microprocessor circuit, a synchronous acquisition trigger circuit, a memory circuit and a wireless communication unit; data transmission is realized by the means of the wireless communication; the first data acquisition node and the second data acquisition node are used for automatically acquiring static and dynamic data of a steel rail according to preset parameters. The device provided by the invention can automatically acquire the dynamic strain and acceleration signals of the steel rail when a train passes, and does not affect railway train operation safety or need human control at all.