94 results about "Carbon-based fuel" patented technology

A method for producing hydrogen gas is provided and comprises reducing a metal oxide in a reduction reaction between a carbon-based fuel and a metal oxide to provide a reduced metal or metal oxide having a lower oxidation state, and oxidizing the reduced metal or metal oxide to produce hydrogen and a metal oxide having a higher oxidation state. The metal or metal oxide is provided in the form of a porous composite of a ceramic material containing the metal or metal oxide. The porous composite may comprise either a monolith, pellets, or particles.

A power generation system includes at least one turbine system. The turbine system includes a compressor section comprising at least one stage, configured to supply a compressed oxidant and a combustion chamber configured to combust the compressed oxidant and a fuel stream comprising carbon-based fuels and to generate a hot flue gas. The turbine system further includes an expander section having an inlet for receiving the hot flue gas comprising at least two stages. The two stages include a high-pressure expander configured to generate an expanded exhaust gas rich in CO₂. The high-pressure expander fluidly coupled to a low-pressure expander configured to generate a final exhaust and electrical energy. A CO₂ separation system is fluidly coupled to the high-pressure expander for receiving the expanded exhaust gas from the high-pressure expander and providing a CO₂ lean gas that is then fed to the low-pressure expander.

A power generation system and method includes a first gas turbine system comprising a first combustion chamber configured to combust a first fuel stream of primarily hydrogen that is substantially free of carbon-based fuels. The first gas turbine system also includes a first compressor configured to supply a first portion of compressed oxidant to the first combustion chamber and a first turbine configured to receive a first discharge from the first combustion chamber and generate a first exhaust and electrical energy. The power generation system further includes a second gas turbine system comprising a second combustion chamber configured to combust a second fuel stream to generate a second discharge. The first compressor of the first gas turbine system is configured to supply a second portion of compressed oxidant to the second combustion chamber. The second turbine system also includes a second turbine configured to receive the second discharge from the second combustion chamber to generate a second exhaust and electrical energy and a second compressor configured to receive the second discharge comprising carbon dioxide. The second compressor is also configured to discharge a recycle stream to the second combustion chamber and a split stream to a separator system adapted to recover carbon dioxide.

A simple method is disclosed to produce oil soluble nano particle size additives with significantly higher flash points to improve the safety aspects of these products especially when used in, around, and near high temperature combustion equipment.

A direct-electrochemical-oxidation fuel cell and method for generating electrical energy from a solid-state organic fuel. The fuel cell includes a cathode provided with an electrochemical-reduction catalyst that promotes formation of oxygen ions from an oxygen-containing source at the cathode, an anode provided with an electrochemical-oxidation catalyst that promotes direct electrochemical oxidation of the solid-state organic fuel in the presence of the oxygen ions to produce electrical energy, and a solid-oxide electrolyte disposed to transmit the oxygen ions from the cathode to the anode. The electrochemical oxidation catalyst can optionally include a sulfur resistant material.

The invention relates to a low NOx hybrid combustion system and method for preheating semi-coke by high-temperature flue gas of a power station boiler. According to the hybrid combustion system and method, a preheating pipeline and a cyclone preheating separator are adopted, the semi-coke is directly preheated through the high-temperature flue gas, so that the temperature of the semi-coke sprayedinto a hearth is remarkably improved; meanwhile, a stable ignition region for combustion of bituminous coal is arranged at the lower part of the hearth, so that ignition and flame stabilization of combustion of ultra-low volatile semi-coke fuel are facilitated, and the large proportion (larger than or equal to 45%) blending combustion of the semi-coke fuel of the power station boiler is achieved;a preheating product with the relatively strong reducibility is produced while the semi-coke is preheated, the preheating product is directly sprayed into the middle part of the hearth through a combustor, a NOx reduction zone is formed on the upper part of a preheating semi-coke combustion zone, so that emission of NOx is greatly reduced, and low NOx combustion of ultra-low volatile carbon-basedfuel is effectively realized; and air or pure oxygen over fire air is injected into the upper part of a combustion region of the hearth so that the fuel can be completely combusted, and the carbon content of the fly ash and the NOx emission can be effectively reduced.

A pulverized coal/coke (PC) boiler combusts carbon-based fuel with substantially pure oxygen and a flue gas recirculation stream (containing predominately carbon dioxide) at varied ratios to achieve a desired boiler temperature profile while producing captured sulfur, a high purity captured CO₂ and electric power. The boiler includes at least one of (a) a mechanism for admixing a pulverized solid carbon-based fuel with an alkali metal salt and (b) injecting alkali metal salt into the boiler combustion zone containing a pulverized solid carbon-based fuel.

An improved process to reduce emissions converts carbon dioxide from the flue gas exhaust from heat or power generators, into synthetic gas which is in-turn reintroduced back into the generator as fuel, is herein disclosed. Hot flue and exhaust gases from power generators, which contain carbon dioxide, would be blown into a gasification reactor, which contains coal, wood chips or other carbon based fuels substances. The process utilizes gasification technology to create a thermochemical reaction between the carbon dioxide and the fuel via a high temperature and no-oxygen atmosphere to produce synthetic gas. The synthetic gas includes carbon monoxide and hydrogen which is then fed back into a heat or power generator as fuel. The process may include two (2) or more reactors, thereby allowing one (1) reactor to be loaded or unloaded while synthetic gas continues to be produced by the other reactor. The synthetic gas may also be further converted into vehicle fuels and other useful chemicals.

An oxygen fueled combustion system includes a furnace having at least one burner, an oxygen supply for supplying oxygen having a predetermined purity, and a carbon based fuel supply for supplying a carbon based fuel. The oxygen and the carbon based fuel are fed into the furnace in a stoichiometric proportion to one another to limit an excess of either the oxygen or the carbon based fuel to less than 5 percent over the stoichiometric proportion. The combustion of the carbon based fuel provides a flame temperature in excess of 4500° F. The exhaust gas stream from the furnace has substantially zero nitrogen-containing combustion produced gaseous compounds from the oxidizing agent and reduced green-house gases. Substantially less carbon based fuel is required than conventional combustion systems without a loss of energy output.

The combustion catalyst for carbon-base fuel is prepared through compounding the main material and the auxiliary material into matrix, and dissolving the matrix in solvent. The main material includes alkyl alcohol ether, alkyl ester, olefin and aromatic compound; and the auxiliary material includes phosphate ester, chlorohydrocarbon, alkyl alcohol amide, metal compound and small amount of nitrogen, silicon and oxygen containing organic compound. When it is used, the combustion catalyst is mixed with carbon-base fuel through spraying or stirring. It promotes combustion by means of increasing the free radicals in the system, and can raise the combustion strength and efficiency and reach the aims of saving energy, raising efficiency, reducing pollution, etc.

A reactor system including a reactor housing having an inlet portion defined at one end of the housing and having a discharge opening formed in the housing at an opposite end. An air intake charge line is connected to the housing for charging air into the inlet portion. A steam charge line is connected to the housing for charging steam into the inlet portion. A fuel injector is positioned in the housing for injecting fuel into the stream of air and steam flowing through the housing. A fuel charge line is connected to the fuel injector for charging a carbon-based fuel into the injector. A catalyst bed is carried in the housing and positioned downstream of the fuel injector and at least a portion of the catalyst bed includes a catalyst for promoting the reformation of the carbon-based fuel to produce hydrogen. An auto-ignition suppression and carbon-suppression foam is carried in the housing and positioned between the catalyst bed and the fuel injector.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a one-dimensional fibrous lanthanum strontium titanate (LST) anode material, and relates to an anode material, a composite anode and a preparation method. The invention aims at solving the problems of reasonability in selection of the anode material and insufficiency in preparation technique that when a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) utilizes carbon-based fuel, the reduction of a three-phase interface caused by the carbon precipitation phenomenon and the clustering phenomenon of nickel after being deactivated by sulfur compounds on a nickel-based anode influences the working performances of the electrode. The one-dimensional fibrous LST anode material is LaxS(r1-x)TiO3 and obtained by preparing one-dimensional nano fibers through an electrostatic spinning technique and then sintering the one-dimensional nano fibers. The one-dimensional fibers are made into anode slurry to be coated on an electrolyte, cathode or anode supporting body, and a one-dimensional fibrous LST-based LST-GDC composite anode is prepared by adopting a method for combining the electrostatic spinning technique and dipping electrolyte precursor solution. The composite anode can be used in a low-medium-temperature solid oxide fuel cell.

The invention discloses one-dimensional nanometer fiber base Ni-GDC composite anode materials and a preparation method thereof, and relates to middle-low temperature solid oxide fuel cell anode materials and the preparation method thereof. The one-dimensional nanometer fiber base Ni-GDC composite anode materials and the preparation method thereof are used for solving the problem that anode performance of a nickel base anode degrades, wherein the problem is caused by the nickel united phenomenon generated when carbon-base fuel is used by the nickel base anode on the high-temperature cell working condition. According to the one-dimensional nanometer fiber base Ni-GDC composite anode materials and the preparation method thereof, GDC nanometer fibers are prepared through the electrostatic spinning technology and the calcination method, nickel is plated on the surface of the GDC nanometer fibers, and the one-dimensional nanometer fiber base Ni-GDC composite anode materials are obtained. According to the one-dimensional nanometer fiber base Ni-GDC composite anode materials, the nickel particles plated on the surface of the GDC ceramic fibers are good in dispersibility, the nickel and ceramics have good associative property, the nickel united degree can be effectively reduced by the electrode manufactured by the one-dimensional nanometer fiber base Ni-GDC composite anode, and the one-dimensional nanometer fiber base Ni-GDC composite anode materials and the preparation method thereof can be applied to the field of middle-low temperature solid oxide fuel batteries.

Excess oxygen in the combustion process of a facility that bums carbon-based fuels may cause a visible plume in the atmosphere at the stack of the facility. Traditional optical based opacity monitors may be unable to detect this plume or the plume may form at a location downstream from the opacity monitor toward the stack. The present invention discloses methods to utilize common combustion control variables to detect and signal the presence of a visible plume of exhaust gasses. Also disclosed are systems that detect the visible plume and provide a signal so that the combustion process may be manually or automatically adjusted to reduce or eliminate the visible plume.

The present invention generally relates to processes and methods for the capture of carbon dioxide from gases that are produced by various industrial processes including the capture of CO₂ from flue gases after the combustion of carbon-based fuels.

A direct-electrochemical-oxidation fuel cell and method for generating electrical energy from a solid-state organic fuel. The fuel cell includes a cathode provided with an electrochemical-reduction catalyst that promotes formation of oxygen ions from an oxygen containing source at the cathode, an anode provided with an electrochemical-oxidation catalyst that promotes direct electrochemical oxidation of the solid-state organic fuel in the presence of the oxygen ions to produce electrical energy, and a solid-oxide electrolyte disposed to transmit the oxygen ions from the cathode to the anode. The electrochemical oxidation catalyst can optionally include a sulfur resistant material.