293 results about "Thermochemical reaction" patented technology

Provided are an anode active material for a lithium secondary battery having high reversible capacity and excellent charge / discharge efficiency, comprising a complex composed of ultra-fine Si phase particles and an oxide surrounding the ultra-fine Si phase particles, and a carbon material; and a method for preparing the same. The present invention also provides a method for preparing an anode active material for a lithium secondary battery comprising producing a complex composed of ultra-fine Si particles and an oxide surrounding the ultra-fine Si particles by mixing a silicon oxide and a material having an absolute value of oxide formation enthalpy (ΔHfor) greater than that of the silicon oxide and negative oxide formation enthalpy by a mechanochemical process or subjecting them to a thermochemical reaction to reduce the silicon oxide; and mixing the Si phase-containing oxide complex and carbon material.

The present invention provides a method for heavy metal adsorbentusing vegetable fibre waste, including following steps : weighing fibre waste raw material, washing, drying to constant weight; crashing material, screening raw material powder; raw material after being screening mixing with the de-ionized water or aqueous slkali, plant after water washing or caustic washing by using drying net filtering mixer, and adequately cleaning several times by water, till clarification of the cleaning liquid, plant powder after being cleaning dried to constant weight; mixing the material after being water washing or caustic washing and the carboxylic acid solvent, forced air drying mixed solid-liquid mixer after being mixed, generating heat chemical reaction by improving temperature, cooling to door temperature after being heat preservation; cleaning heat reacted plant powder, dying the moisture powder to constant weight, obtaining biological adsorbent corresponding to carboxylic acid modification plant fibre after being cooled. The invention has a lower cost, wide sources and simple process.

The invention discloses a low permeability oil field thermochemical cleanup additive and applications thereof in acidification and fracturing technologies of low permeability oil field oil and water wells. The thermochemical cleanup additive consists of an agent A and an agent B. The agent A consists of certain parts by weight of phosphoric acid, sodium nitrite, dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid, emulsifier, surfactant and water; the agent B consists of certain parts by weight of urea, ammonium chloride and water. The agent A and the agent B thermally react under certain conditions to produce a large amount of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and high-temperature-hot-water and a large amount of heat simultaneously; in addition, the nitrogen and the carbon dioxide with certain pressure can form a large amount of bubbles under the function of a highly efficient active foaming agent for residues to be drained out of the oil and water wells. The thermochemical cleanup agent does not burn or explode easily and is mainly applied to the cleanup technology of the acidification and fracturing techniques of the low permeability oil and water wells for solving the problems such as inadequate drainage strength, reducing pollutions of remaining operating fluid to reservoir stratums and effectively enhancing the acidification and fracturing effects.

The invention relates to a thermal conversion method and a thermal conversion device of solid fuel, wherein the thermal conversion of the solid fuel is composed of three independent and association-controllable sub-processes of pyrolysis, gasification and burning by decoupling the integrated pyrolysis, gasification and burning reactions in the conventional thermal conversion process. A hot carrier substance is circulated among the sub-processes, so that the burning sub-process provides reactive heat to the pyrolysis and the gasification sub-processes and simultaneously provides oxygen to the gasification process to initiate internal burning so as to compensate for the gasification reaction heat that the hot carrier substance is unlikely to supply. Accordingly, the thermal conversion method can control the three thermochemical reactions of pyrolysis, gasification and burning by decoupling, recombination and association to achieve combined production of pyrolysis oil, synthesis gas and heat. Different from conventional single conversion devices for burning, gasification and pyrolysis, the thermal conversion method of the invention has the advantages of compact structure, high heat utilization efficiency and greatly reduced oxygen consumption for synthesis gas production, thus achieving high-value comprehensive conversion and utilization of solid fuels such as brown coal, bituminous coal and biomass.

There is provided a power generation system. A chemical reacting section receives a power generation fuel and reforms the power generation fuel to generate a power generation gas containing hydrogen. A power generating section receives the power generation gas, reacts a part of the power generation gas to generate electrical energy, supplies the electrical energy to a load, and discharges an unreacted component in the power generation gas as an off-gas. A heating section receives the off-gas and generates a thermal energy by using the off-gas to heat the chemical reacting section. An output control section controls the amount of electrical energy output from the power generating section. A control section controls the amount of electrical energy output from the power generating section to change a temperature of the chemical reacting section set based on the thermal energy to a predetermined temperature.

The invention relates to a medium-and-low temperature calcium cycling thermochemical energy storage device and method. The device comprises a solar heat collection device, an energy storage system and a power generation system. According to the Ca(OH)2 / CaO thermochemical energy storage system, energy storage is conducted through interconversion between thermal energy and chemical energy, when solar irradiation is sufficient, Ca(OH)2 solid particles are subjected to an endothermic decomposition reaction under the action of high-temperature water vapor generated by solar energy, and received heat is stored in decomposition products, namely CaO and H2O, in a chemical energy form; when the heat is released, CaO and H2O are subjected to a backward thermochemical reaction at normal pressure, and the chemical energy stored in CaO and H2O are inversely converted into the thermal energy and released out. The device and method are high in energy storage density, high in cycle efficiency and environmentally friendly, the structure is simple, and flexible control and application under variable working conditions are achieved.

This invention relates to a method and device to produce esterified, olefinated / esterified, or thermochemolytic reacted bio-oils as fuels. The olefinated / esterified product may be utilized as a biocrude for input to a refinery, either alone or in combination with petroleum crude oils. The bio-oil esterification reaction is catalyzed by addition of alcohol and acid catalyst. The olefination / esterification reaction is catalyzed by addition of resin acid or other heterogeneous catalyst to catalyze olefins added to previously etherified bio-oil; the olefins and alcohol may also be simultaneously combined and catalyzed by addition of resin acid or other heterogeneous catalyst to produce the olefinated / esterified product.

The invention relates to the technical fields of the solar thermal power generation and energy, in particular to a solar energy and methanol fuel chemical-looping combustion power generation system and method used for controlling CO2 emission. The intermediate-low temperature solar thermochemical process and the chemical-looping combustion power cycle are coupled organically to form the system ofthe invention. The system comprises a solar heat collecting-reduction reactor, a solar heat collecting-decomposition reactor, an oxidation reactor, an afterburning combustion chamber, a gas turbine, a steam turbine, an exhaust-heat boiler, a heat exchanger and the like. By using the device of the invention, the graded use of energy resources with different qualities can be realized; the zero-energy separation of CO2 can be realized through simple condensation; the combustion method can reduce the fuel grade to FeO grade, thus reducing the fuel loss in the combustion process and increasing theefficiency of the system; the solar thermochemical reaction is adopted to improve the grade of intermediate-low temperature solar energy; and afterburning is adopted so as to solve the problem that the gas turbine inlet has low initial temperature caused by the limit of the cycle material in the chemical-looping combustion power system.

A feedstock flexible process for converting feedstock into oil and gas includes (i) indirectly heated hydrous devolatilization of volatile feedstock components, (ii) indirectly heated thermochemical conversion of fixed carbon feedstock components, (iii) heat integration and recovery, (iv) vapor and gas pressurization, and (v) vapor and gas clean-up and product recovery. A system and method for feedstock conversion includes a thermochemical reactor integrated with one or more hydrous devolatilization and solids circulation subsystems configured to accept a feedstock mixture, comprised of volatile feedstock components and fixed carbon feedstock components, and continuously produce a volatile reaction product stream therefrom, while simultaneously and continuously capturing, transferring, and converting the fixed carbon feedstock components to syngas.

An improved process to reduce emissions converts carbon dioxide from the flue gas exhaust from heat or power generators, into synthetic gas which is in-turn reintroduced back into the generator as fuel, is herein disclosed. Hot flue and exhaust gases from power generators, which contain carbon dioxide, would be blown into a gasification reactor, which contains coal, wood chips or other carbon based fuels substances. The process utilizes gasification technology to create a thermochemical reaction between the carbon dioxide and the fuel via a high temperature and no-oxygen atmosphere to produce synthetic gas. The synthetic gas includes carbon monoxide and hydrogen which is then fed back into a heat or power generator as fuel. The process may include two (2) or more reactors, thereby allowing one (1) reactor to be loaded or unloaded while synthetic gas continues to be produced by the other reactor. The synthetic gas may also be further converted into vehicle fuels and other useful chemicals.

Reactors and methods for solar thermochemical reactions are disclosed. Embodiments of reactors include at least two distinct reactor chambers between which there is at least a pressure differential. In embodiments, reactive particles are exchanged between chambers during a reaction cycle to thermally reduce the particles at first conditions and oxidize the particles at second conditions to produce chemical work from heat. In embodiments, chambers of a reactor are coupled to a heat exchanger to pre-heat the reactive particles prior to direct exposure to thermal energy with heat transferred from reduced reactive particles as the particles are oppositely conveyed between the thermal reduction chamber and the fuel production chamber. In an embodiment, particle conveyance is in part provided by an elevator which may further function as a heat exchanger.

An energy conversion device for generating electricity includes a heat exchanger adapted to receive heat from a heat source. A closed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) circuit includes a section for extracting heat from a heat exchanger so as to raise the temperature of the flowable electrically conductive material within the MHD circuit. The heat exchanger includes a heat-conductive support adapted to be heated, and a heat-extracting section of the MHD circuit extracts heat from the support. The support may be a metal plate having a sinuous pipe arrangement in heat-conductive contact against each face, one of these pipe arrangements being part of a circuit for heating the plate and the other pipe arrangement being part of the MHD circuit. The heat source may be combustion of a fuel, solar, geothermal, chemical reaction, or waste heat in the form of a hot gas. The heat conductive support may be a metal tube heated, usually by a hot gas, in which case the heat-extracting section of the MHD circuit includes a helical pipe surrounding the tube. The heat-providing means may include a lens arrangement for concentrating solar radiation on one face of the heat exchanger plate.

The invention discloses a method for separating components, i.e. ferrum, copper, silicon, and the like, from copper smelting waste residues, which comprehensively recovers Si, Cu, Fe, and the like contained in the copper residues by using the copper smelting waste residues as raw materials and adopting thermal chemical reaction, water leaching and acid leaching or the conventional beneficiation technology so as to realize the resource recycling of the copper smelting waste residues. The method comprises the following steps of: mainly mixing alkali and the copper smelting waste residues according to a certain proportion to carry out heating reaction; selecting residue-alkali ratio, heating temperature and heat reaction time according to copper residue composition, and then firstly separating silicon dioxide entering a liquid phase in terms of sodium (potassium) silicate through the water leaching, filtering and washing; carrying out further acid (hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid) adding treatment on a silicate solution so as to obtain a finished product of white carbon black through sedimentation, filtering and the drying of filter residues; concentrating filter liquor so as to obtain a saturated sodium (potassium) chloride / sodium (potassium) sulfate solution (recycled for recycling in an alkali industry); and further separating water leaching residues through acid leaching or the conventional beneficiation method so as to recover copper, ferrum, and the like.

The invention discloses a novel amino thermochemical energy storage system. An amino thermochemical reversible reaction is adopted and the energy storage is performed through the mutual conversion among the electric energy, the thermal energy and the chemical energy, wherein the formula is as follows. The novel amino thermochemical energy storage system mainly comprises a storage unit, an energy storage unit, an energy release unit, a thermal storage tank and the like. During energy storage, a heat absorption decomposition reaction of the ammonia is produced under the action of a catalyst and the accepted energy is stored in the gaseous decomposition product nitrogen and hydrogen in forms of chemical energy and pressure energy through compression. During energy release, a reversible thermochemical reaction of the nitrogen and the hydrogen is produced under the action of a catalyst, the stored chemical energy is converted into the high grade thermal energy to be released for steam power generation, and the power generation is performed through reaction product gas expansion. The novel amino thermochemical energy storage system has the advantages of being high in energy storage density, high in efficiency, environmentally-friendly, reliable in application and suitable for various types of power stations comprising renewable energy power stations.

The present disclosure provides, among other things, a system and process for drying a biosolid or sludge, such as wastewater sludge. The system and method include a fluidized bed dryer in which the sludge is dried. The fluidized bed includes bed media. In particular examples, the bed media is different than the sludge. The system and method can include additional features, such treating the sludge using a thermochemical process in a thermochemical reactor, such as a gasifier, to produce a fuel. The fuel is then combusted to produce energy and heat. The heat is recycled to the drier to help dry sludge. In particular examples, sludge input to the dryer is not first treated using a high-pressure dewatering technique. In some embodiments, the system and method include an anaerobic digester coupled to a combustion unit coupled to the dryer.

A linear Fresnel reflection type mid-and-low temperature solar energy thermochemical utilization device comprises a linear Fresnel reflection condensing mirror array driven by a solar tracking device to real timely track the sun, and a thermal absorber matched with the condensing mirror array and independently arranged, wherein the thermal absorber is tubular, a selective absorption coating is coated on the surface of the outer wall, and a chemical reactant medium and a catalyst are filled in the tube; a solar energy light-focusing system formed by the Fresnel reflection condensing mirror array and the solar tracking device is adopted and is well matched with the hot grade of thermal chemical reaction of mid-and-low temperature fossil fuel, the structure is simple, the manufacturing and running cost is low and the wing resistance is good when the solar energy thermochemical utilization device is mounted close to the ground; with the chemical reactant medium and the catalyst in the thermal absorber, the solar energy thermochemical utilization device can serve as the thermochemical reaction place while absorbing the solar energy, so that the heat can be directly absorbed and utilized, and the system integration complexity and energy transfer loss can be effectively reduced; as the thermal absorber is independently arranged, the safety and the stability are higher during the heat absorption and reaction process.

The invention concerns a method for controlling a thermochemical reaction or a solid-gas adsorption being carried out in a reactor (10) containing an active agent capable of reversibly reacting with a gas, the reactor (10) being connected to an evaporator / condenser assembly (14) for the gas by a connection (12) without control valve, the reactor (10) and the evaporator / condenser assembly (14) each provided with means for selectively exchanging calories with their surroundings. The control method consists in: thermally insulating the reactor (10) and the evaporator / condenser assembly (14) from the surroundings; thermally communicating the reactor (10) with its surroundings so that the active agent reacts with the gas, thereby providing cold to the evaporator (14); thermally communicating the evaporator (14) with its surroundings so as to cool it selectively; and selectively insulating the reactor (10) or the evaporator / condenser assembly (14) from their surroundings so as to stop the reaction at one point of the reversible cycle.

Disclosed herein is a method of preparing porous graphene from porous graphite, including 1) thermochemically reacting a highly crystalline carbide compound with a halogen element-containing gas to give a porous carbide-derived carbon; 2) treating the carbide-derived carbon with an acid, thus preparing a carbide-derived carbon oxide; and 3) reducing the carbide-derived carbon oxide. An anode mixture for a secondary battery including the graphene and an anode for a secondary battery including the anode mixture are also provided.

The invention relates to a high-temperature calcium cycling thermochemical energy storage method and system. An adopted thermochemical energy storage system is CaCO3 / CaO; energy storage is carried out through mutual conversion between thermal energy and chemical energy; when solar irradiation is sufficient, CaCO3 solid particles can be subjected to divided heating in hot air generated by solar energy and a heat absorption decomposition reaction is carried out, so that received heat is stored in decomposed products including CaO and CO2 in a chemical energy form; and when the heat is needed, a reversed thermochemical reaction is carried out on the CaO and the CO2 under normal pressure, and the chemical energy stored in the CaO and the CO2 is reversely converted into the thermal energy and is released. The high-temperature calcium cycling thermochemical energy storage method and system have the characteristics of high energy storage density, high cycling efficiency, environment friendliness, simple structure, flexibility in controlling under variable conditions and reliability in application; the problem of power generation and continuous and efficient operation of a solar high-temperature thermal power plant can be solved; and the high-temperature calcium cycling thermochemical energy storage method and system can be widely applied to the field of solar high-temperature power generation and are also applicable to high-temperature thermal energy storage and regeneration of other types of power plants.

The invention relates to a method for preparing negative temperature coefficient heat-variable powder body-the method of hydro-thermal chemical reaction. De-ionized water is added into reaction raw materials of manganous salt, nickelous salt, cobaltous salt and magnesium salt, the mixture is stirred sufficiently; an ammonia solution is added into the stirred reaction solution until the pH value of the reaction solution is between 8.0 and 12.0; the reaction solution is put inside a high pressure reaction kettle to perform the hydro-thermal reaction and then is subject to washing and baking so that the negative temperature coefficient heat-variable nano powder material is produced; the negative temperature coefficient heat-variable nano powder material is put into a blind roaster to be pyrolyzed at a temperature of between 600 and 900 DEG C for 2 to 8 hours, and the negative temperature coefficient heat-variable powder material is produced after sufficient grinding process. Compared with the ball milling method, the coprecipitation method and the sol-gel method, the method has the characteristics that the chemical compositions are even, the reaction temperature is low, the productivity is high, the synthesizing cycle is short, the reaction condition is controlled easily, and the inevitable agglomeration phenomenon in the sintering process is reduced, etc.

A method for smoothing and polishing a large-area diamond membrane includes such steps as fixing a CVD diamond membrane (2-5 inches in diameter) onto a bench by vacuum suction cup, installing a cup-shaped abrasive disc to the mainshaft of high-speed super-precision machine-tool, and making the mainshaft and bench to rotate in different directions at 1000-10000 rpm and 0-500 rpm respectively for grinding while controlling the surface temp of diamond membrane to 650-950 deg.C for preventing thermochemical reaction.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a nitrogen-doped graphene and nickel sulfide quantum dot nanometer composite material; the nitrogen-doped graphene and nickel sulfide quantum dot nanometer composite material consists of nitrogen-doped graphene and nickel sulfide quantum dots; oxidized graphene powder is prepared through a hummers method; ammonia water serves as a nitrogen source; nickel salt is added as a nickel source; L-cysteine serves as a sulfur source; the oxidized graphene powder is added in the solution for stirring and ultrasonic processing to uniformly mix the solution; the solution is transferred into a hydrothermal reaction kettle for sealing; through a hydrothermal chemical reaction, on the one hand, the graphene is converted to the nitrogen-doped graphene through the effect of ammonia; and on the other hand, the nickel salt and the L-cysteine are reacted to generate the nickel sulfide quantum dots for uniform growing on the nitrogen-doped graphene. The nickel sulfide quantum dots are successfully synthesized through a hydrothermal method, and are uniformly compounded with the nitrogen-doped graphene; and meanwhile, the nitrogen-doped graphene and nickel sulfide quantum dot nanometer composite material is high in electric conductivity, high catalysis and high stability, and can be widely applied to supercapacitor electrode materials, the photo, electric and chemical catalysis and electrodes of solar batteries and new energy batteries.

The invention relates to a method for preparing a BLT ferroelectric film used for a ferroelectric storage at a low temperature. The preparation method consists of the complexing agent technique and the hydro-thermal reaction low temperature preparation technique. Firstly, the complexing agent technique is adopted, a BLT precursor solution is prepared by taking inorganic salt as a raw material and a film with required thickness is coated on the cleaned Pt / Ti / SiO2Si underlay rotationally, the thermal treatment is performed at a temperature of between 350 and 450 DEG C, and then the film after the thermal treatment is put into a high pressure reaction kettle to perform the hydro-thermal chemical reaction; the reaction temperature is between 150 and 300 DEG C, the reaction time lasts for 2 to 48 hours; the product is cooled in the furnace, washed and dried at a temperature of 80 DEG C so that the BLT ferroelectric film with the thickness between 400 and 900 nanometers is produced. The method has simple preparation technology, low preparation temperature, convenient operation and low cost and can be compatible with the microelectronic technology.

The invention relates to a system and method for enabling solar concentrating photovoltaic and medium-and low-temperature thermochemistry to jointly generate energy by using spectral frequency division and belongs to the solar full spectrum technical field. According to the technical schemes of the invention, a spectral frequency divider is arranged under a Fresnel lens; the spectral frequency divider divides solar spectra at 1200nm wavelength; sunlight of which the wavelength is smaller than 1200nm is transmitted to the surface of a concentrating photovoltaic battery; sunlight of which the wavelength is larger than 1200nm is transmitted to a medium-and low-temperature thermochemical reaction device and a low-temperature heat exchanger so as to provide heat energy required by an endothermic reaction; the low-temperature heat exchanger and the medium-and low-temperature thermochemical reaction device are communicated with each other through a pipeline so as to form a loop; and therefore, the full-spectrum utilization of solar energy is achieved under a condition that the thermal coupling of the concentrating photovoltaic battery and the thermochemical reaction device is avoided; andthe spectral frequency division technology is adopted, so that the temperature of the concentrating photovoltaic battery can be decreased from the source, and therefore, the normal operation of the photovoltaic battery can be ensured, and high-grade thermal energy of a higher temperature can be obtained to provide energy required by medium-and low-temperature thermochemical reactions.

The invention discloses a solar thermal chemical absorption reaction device and system. The device comprises a heat collection tube unit and a heat collector unit, wherein the heat collection tube unit comprises an inner tube, a coating film absorption tube and a transparent tube; a catalyst bed layer is arranged between the coating film absorption tube and the inner tube. The invention provides the solar thermal chemical absorption reaction device and system, process temperatures of a thermal chemical reaction layer (that is, the catalyst bed layer), are adjusted through heat storage and release of the inner tube, variation of the process temperatures of the catalyst bed layer can be reduced, the process temperatures of the catalyst bed layer can be uniformly distributed in an axial direction of a casing, due to uniform distribution of the process temperatures of the catalyst bed layer, the utilization efficiency of a catalyst can be improved, and the utilization efficiency of the reaction device upon solar energy can be improved. Meanwhile, integral utilization of solar energy and external heat sources can be facilitated, and due to complementary utilization of thermochemistry, efficient utilization of the solar energy and the external heat can be achieved.

Disclosed is a process for preparing tungsten carbide-cobalt nano composite noodles through low-temperature solid carbon carbonization, which comprises mixing wolfram-cobalt composite oxide CoW1-1004-31 powder as raw material with solid carbon powder by the ratio of 1:(0.1-0.3) to obtain homogeneously mixed intermediate powder, then subjecting the intermediate powder to thermal chemical reaction under the action of hydrogen-containing gas.

The present invention relates to an apparatus for generating hydrogen gas using a composition for generating hydrogen gas, which generates hydrogen gas (H2) from water (H2O) through spontaneous thermochemical reaction without supplying electricity using a composition for generating hydrogen gas which generates the hydrogen gas by spontaneous oxidation with water at room temperature.

A composition for preparing an emitter including: flake type carbide-derived carbon which is prepared by thermochemically reacting carbide compounds with halogen-containing gases to extract all elements of the carbide compounds except carbon, an organic solvent and a dispersant. A method of preparing the emitter using the composition for forming the emitter, an emitter prepared using the method and an electron emission device. The emitter has good uniformity and a long lifetime. It can be prepared using a more inexpensive method than using conventional carbon nanotubes. A pattern can be formed by easily regulating the size of the manufactured emitter using an ink jet printer. Non-uniform emission generated by residue when using a conventional printing method can be avoided. Thus, a micro electrode, in which an arc discharge does not occur even in the presence of a strong electric field, can be conveniently manufactured.

A method for cleaning an interior of a process chamber after performing a process of forming a carbon-containing film on a substrate in the process chamber includes performing a cycle a predetermined number of times. The cycle includes supplying a modifying gas into the process chamber to modify deposits including the carbon-containing film deposited on a surface of a member in the process chamber and supplying an etching gas into the process chamber to remove the modified deposits through a thermochemical reaction.