The invention discloses a method for separating components, i.e. ferrum, copper, silicon, and the like, from copper smelting waste residues, which comprehensively recovers Si, Cu, Fe, and the like contained in the copper residues by using the copper smelting waste residues as raw materials and adopting thermal chemical reaction, water leaching and acid leaching or the conventional beneficiation technology so as to realize the resource recycling of the copper smelting waste residues. The method comprises the following steps of: mainly mixing alkali and the copper smelting waste residues according to a certain proportion to carry out heating reaction; selecting residue-alkali ratio, heating temperature and heat reaction time according to copper residue composition, and then firstly separating silicon dioxide entering a liquid phase in terms of sodium (potassium) silicate through the water leaching, filtering and washing; carrying out further acid (hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid) adding treatment on a silicate solution so as to obtain a finished product of white carbon black through sedimentation, filtering and the drying of filter residues; concentrating filter liquor so as to obtain a saturated sodium (potassium) chloride/sodium (potassium) sulfate solution (recycled for recycling in an alkali industry); and further separating water leaching residues through acid leaching or the conventional beneficiation method so as to recover copper, ferrum, and the like.