The invention discloses a method for quantitatively detecting 1,3-butadiene-induced cell DNA damage in combination with a gas-liquid interface exposure system and a high-content technology. The method comprises the following steps: 1) cell culture; 2) 1,3-butadiene exposure through a gas-liquid interface exposure mode; 3) immunofluorescent labeling of gamma H2AX; 4) high-content detection. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the efficient exposure of gaseous 1,3-butadiene to wall-attached cells in vivo is realized by adopting the in-vitro gas-liquid interface exposure mode, so that the exposure efficiency of the 1,3-butadiene is improved; a high-content imaging system is utilized for automatic imaging, 1,3-butadiene-induced DNA double-chain fracture maker gamma H2AX proteins are quantitatively analyzed, and the direct and quick detection of the cells is realized, so that the sample treatment is more convenient; through high-resolution imaging, not only can the distribution of the gamma H2AX in cell nucleuses be directly observed, but also image data is convenient to store and re-analyze, and the quantitative analysis on the 1,3-butadiene-induced gamma H2AX in each of the cell nucleuses can be realized, so that detection results are more sensitive and accurate.