The invention relates to a carbon quantum dot fluorescence labeling material with orange peels used as a carbon source as well as a preparation method and an application of the carbon quantum dot fluorescence labeling material. The orange peels are used as a raw material, and a simple method for one-step synthesis of a high-fluorescence-quantum-efficiency carbon quantum dot is established. The method comprises steps as follows: the orange peels are mixed with water; then a mixed liquid is mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid; the pH is adjusted by the aid of NaOH, and undissolved residues are removed in a centrifugal manner; then dichloromethane is added to a centrifuged supernate, and a non-fluorescence fat-soluble substance is removed in the centrifugal manner; finally, the centrifuged supernate passes through a film, and the fluorescence labeling material is prepared. According to the method, high-temperature and high-pressure reactions are not required to be performed by equipment such as plasma emitters, hydrothermal reaction kettles, muffle furnaces and the like during synthesis, reaction conditions are mild, operations are simple and convenient, the cost is very low, the method can be implemented in ordinary laboratories, the synthesized fluorescence labeling material lays a foundation for the further application to work such as bio-labeling, heavy metal analysis, antibody labeling, cell staining and the like.