The invention relates to a single-component catalytic dealcoholized room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of alpha, omega-dihydroxyl polydimethylsiloxane, 10-450 parts of function filler, 0.4-20 parts of crosslinking agent, 0.1-8 parts of coupling agent and 0.1-12 parts of catalyst. The invention also relates to a preparation method of the single-component catalytic dealcoholized RTV silicone rubber, and the method comprises the following steps of: preparing a ground mass, namely dewatering and blending the alpha, omega-dihydroxyl polydimethylsiloxane and the function filler to obtain the ground mass; stirring the taken ground mass in a vacuum state, adding the crosslinking agent, and stirring the materials in a vacuum state; adding the coupling agent, and stirring the materials; and adding the catalyst, vacuumizing, introducing inert gas, stirring, vacuumizing, and stirring to obtain the single-component catalytic dealcoholized RTV silicone rubber. The method provided by the invention has the advantages of no generation of viscosity peak, simple process and cost saving; and the single-component catalytic dealcoholized RTV silicone rubber has excellent comprehensive properties.