The invention discloses a streptococcus mutans detection method based on a quorum sensing system and application of the streptococcus mutans detection method, and belongs to the technical field of genetic engineering. The detection method is established based on the quorum sensing system; elements of the sensing system comprise a gene PelB-comD compounded by a signal peptide of escherichia coli and a histidine kinase receptor membrane protein gene, an intracellular reaction regulation protein gene comE, and a gene nlmC-sfGFP compounded by a promoter nlmC, regulated and activated by comE, and a green fluorescence signal reporter gene sfGFP. According to the detection method, the signal molecule CSP secreted and expressed by the streptococcus mutans is subjected to specific recognition response through the sensing system, and then the streptococcus mutans is detected. The detection method disclosed by the invention can specifically recognize and detect streptococcus mutans, has the characteristics of convenience in operation and low detection cost, and can be applied to decayed tooth detection so as to evaluate the health condition of teeth.