121 results about "Hydraulic conductivity" patented technology

A dialyzer module utilizing a nano-porous ceramic membrane for enhanced hemodialysis performance, and a method for manufacturing the same, are provided. The dialyzer module may be utilized in an extracorporeal blood circuit together with pumps, monitors, and/or other components used for dialysis therapy. The one or more nano-porous ceramic tubes that serve as the hemodialysis membrane may comprise aluminum oxide (alumina) or titanium oxide (titania) tubes manufactured by the anodization of aluminum (Al) or titanium (Ti) tubes in an appropriate acid solution. The nano-porous ceramic tubes may be produced with a nano-porous wall structure having an average pore diameter of approximately five to ten nanometers (run). The nano-porous ceramic tubes exhibit a uniform pore size, uniform pore distribution, high porosity, and high hydraulic conductivity, enabling the removal of more middle and large molecular weight solutes to achieve a performance more comparable to that of an actual kidney while, at the same time, reducing the undesirable loss of important macromolecules such as albumin.

A method of determining the distance, from a reference point, of a tracer emitting radiation comprising a first component emitted at a first known energy level and a second component emitted at a second known energy level, the intensity of a penetrating portion of the first component that penetrates a substance between the tracer and the reference point and the intensity of a penetrating portion of the second component of the radiation that penetrates the substance being a function of the rate of gamma radiation emission of the tracer as well as of the distance of the tracer from the reference point, the method comprising: a) measuring the intensity of the first penetrating portion and the intensity of the second penetrating portion; b) determining the ratio of the intensity of the first penetrating portion to the intensity of the second penetrating portion; and c) determining the distance of the tracer from the reference point.

The invention discloses a method for determining the process of plant roots absorbing soil moisture content. The method adopts a detachable earth column with plants inside; a soil humidity sounding pipe is arranged in the middle of the earth column, and the earth column is arranged in field earth pit; the vertical distribution of plant roots density can be acquired through stratified earth collection, roots washing and roots screening by regularly detaching the earth column; the actual plant transpiration is acquired through timed weighing, and the earth column is weighed at least one time a day. According to related theory principle and experimental data determined actually and accurately, and by combining susceptibility factors such as transpiration rate, roots density distribution, soil water potential, soil water content, unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity and according to mass conservation, the roots water adsorption function of transpiration on the soil profile of the root zone distributed according to a certain weight factor is determined, profile distribution of roots water adsorption rate is figured out by adopting roots water adsorption rate reverse method and numerical value iteration to determine the parameter of empirical function, thereby achieving the determination of the process of roots absorbing water.

The invention provides a soil saturation hydraulic conductivity measuring and calculating method based on infiltration time characteristic parameters. In the method, the quantitative relation of the characteristic parameters (skewness, kurtosis and variation coefficients) of soil saturation hydraulic conductivity and infiltration time data is built on the basis of analyzing Philip-Dunne infiltration data under three soil texture conditions of clay, loam, sand and the like, and the water content change of soil before and after infiltration does not need any consideration when the method is utilized to measure and calculate the soil saturation hydraulic conductivity, and only the accumulative infiltration time which corresponds to different water levels in a Philip-Dunne infiltration meter needs to be observed, therefore simplifying the calculating process of the saturation hydraulic conductivity and increasing the measuring efficiency.

A roof paneling system includes a roof panel comprising an open-cell inorganic foam. The foam can decrease hydraulic conductivity of the roof paneling system, filter rainwater falling on the roof, and reflect excess heat. The open-cell inorganic foam preferably comprises a ceramic or glass, and has a porosity of at least about 20%, a mean pore size less than about 10 mm, and a thickness of at least about 10 mm. The foam can include a hydrophilic compound that further decreases the hydraulic conductivity of the foam. Optionally, the foam can have a reflectivity of at least about 20%.

The invention discloses a tester for saturated hydraulic conductivity in soil, which comprises a water feeder, a circular cutter, a water bearer, and a Ma-bottle. The water feeder and the circular cutter are annular cylinders of which the diameters are matched with each other. The water bearer is a barrel of which the diameter is matched with that of the circular cutter. The lower part of an inner side face of the water feeder is provided with a horizontal annular block with a certain width, and the upper part of an inner side face of the water bearer is provided with a horizontal annular block with a certain width. The upper end and the lower end of the circular cutter are arranged between the horizontal annular block at the lower end of the water feeder and the horizontal annular block at the upper end of the water bearer. A net cover matched with the circular cutter is arranged between the blocks of the circular cutter and the water bearer. A sealed rubber ring is hooped on the connecting part of the circular cutter and the water feeder. A water inlet and an overflow orifice A are formed on the side face of the upper part of the block of the water feeder, and an overflow orifice B is formed on the side face of the upper part of the block of the water bearer. The water inlet of the water feeder is connected with a water outlet of the Ma-bottle through a pipeline. The tester has the advantages of simple use, convenient installation and wide application range.

The invention discloses a method used for determining the evapotranspiration of crops on site, belonging to the field of agricultural science and technology. The method comprises the steps as follows: data on soil water potential and soil volumetric moisture content of more than 5 layers of soil layers with different depths is measured on site in real time; wherein, at least one layer is below the root layer of the crops; a plurality of data pairs on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity-volume water content of all soil layers above the zero flux plane below the root layer are obtained when the zero flux plane exists below the root layer of the crops, thus obtaining the mathematical relationship of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity-volume water content of all soil layers, therefore, the water flux of all soil layers below the root layer can be obtained, thus determining the evapotranspiration by a water balance method. The method of the invention can be used for determining the evapotranspiration of the crops on site, destroys no soils, is convenient and precise, and can work out the evapotranspiration of the crops at the time interval without observing the zero flux.

The invention provides a soil moisture characteristic parameter calculating method based on a staging tabu searching algorithm. The soil moisture characteristic parameter calculating method comprises the steps of: S1, acquiring soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and saturated moisture content; S2, calculating unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of soil and soil moisture diffusion rate; S3, establishing a one-dimensional soil moisture movement mathematical model; S4, obtaining the theoretical value calculation formula theta (a, b and m) of soil moisture content; S5, determining practical measured value theta of the soil moisture content; S6, optimizing according to theta (a, b and m) in the S4 and S5 and improved staging tabu algorithm, so as to determine the optimal value of a, b and m; and S7, bringing the optimal value in the S6 in the S3 to calculate the soil moisture characteristic parameter. With the method disclosed by the invention, the one-dimensional soil moisture movement rule can be determined under negative pressure sub-irrigation condition, thus instructing and further improving a negative pressure sub-irrigation system, improving the soil moisture utilization rate and further improving the soil moisture rate.

The invention discloses a good quality and high yield normalized cultivation technique for Bo-Chrysanthemum. The good quality and high yield normalized cultivation technique for the Bo-Chrysanthemum includes steps of land selection and preparation, seedling breeding, timely transplantation, field management, harvest and the like. According to the cultivation technique, a self-made soak solution is used for soaking seeds, sterilization and bacteriostatic functions can be effectively achieved, a good environment can be provided for rapid growth of seedlings, the survival rate of the seedlings is increased, and the environmental protection can be achieved without pollution. Soil conditioners are applied during soil preparation and fertilization, the soil aggregate structure can be remarkably improved, the soil porosity is increased, the soil bulk density is reduced, the water infiltration rate is increased, the saturated hydraulic conductivity is improved, water can be stored, evaporation is reduced, meanwhile, the sustained-release sterilization effect on soil can be achieved, growth and reproduction of harmful microorganisms such as soil nematodes can be inhibited, and occurrence of soil source plant diseases and insect pests is reduced. By means of the good quality and high yield normalized cultivation technique for the Bo-Chrysanthemum, geo-authentic crude drugs such as the Bo-Chrysanthemum can reach the level of good qualities, the yield is increased by above 30%, economic benefits can be improved by over 50%, an important technical support can be provided for good quality and high yield normalization and industrialization of the Bo-Chrysanthemum, and the cultivation technique is worth massively popularizing and wide in application prospect.

The application relates to a sustainable and green remedial approach for in situ remediation. The system and method use directionally drilled horizontal wells filled with granular reactive media generally installed in the direction of groundwater flow for groundwater remediation. “Flow-focusing” behavior is leveraged to capture and passively treat proportionally large volumes of groundwater in situ. The system and method perform well in low hydraulic conductivity environments where the success of other in situ remediation methods is controlled by aquifer injectability. Reactive media are selected according to the contaminants to be treated and site characteristics. Energy conservation and other considerations result in considerable cost savings compared to current in situ remediation systems. Also disclosed is a source area bypass system comprising one or more horizontal wells, constructed in a manner to allow unimpacted or cleaner groundwater to bypass a nonaqueous phase liquid zone or high-concentration source area of contamination and discharge downgradient. Reactive media may or may not be used in a source area bypass system. In some configurations, groundwater pumps may be installed to enhance performance. Core elements of green remediation according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency are achieved.

The invention relates to a calculating method of distribution of the volumetric water content around a liquid injection hole for in situ leaching of ion type rare earth, and is applicable to parameter design of a liquid injection hole net for in situ leaching. The calculating method comprises 7 steps: testing a soil-water characteristic curve of an ore body; calculating the specific water capacity of the ore body; calculating an equivalent saturated hydraulic conductivity of the ore body; calculating a hydraulic conductivity of the ore body; calculating the diffusion rate of the ore body; calculating the water content distribution in the perpendicular direction of the center of the bottom of the liquid injection hole; and calculating the distribution of the volumetric water content around the liquid injection hole. According to the calculating method disclosed by the invention, on the basis of testing soil parameters, a built model is used for calculating the distribution of the water content around the liquid injection hole, so as to supply a basis to the parameter design of the liquid injection hole net for the in situ leaching.

The invention relates to a flexible artificial skin. The flexible artificial skin comprises a hydrogel layer and a braid layer, and the hydrogel layer is arranged on the braid layer; the braid layer is a high polymer degradable material; the hydrogel layer contains cell growth factors and nano-silver. The flexible artificial skin has the advantages that firstly, the material adopted in the artificial skin is the high polymer degradable material, and the material is easy to obtain and good in biocompatibility; secondly, the artificial skin obtained through a knitting method has a plurality of pores, transportation and exchange of nutrient substance are benefited, and area size can be freely adjusted; thirdly, by adjusting the knitting method and changing degree of compactness and porosity of the braid layer, adjustment on physical properties of ductility, toughness, mechanical strength and the like of the artificial skin are achieved; fourthly, by the adoption of treatment of atmospheric pressure plasma jet, fiber surface area of the braid layer is increased, a contact angle of the surface of the material is reduced, and hydraulic conductivity and cellular affinity are improved.

The invention discloses a device for rapidly and accurately determining hydraulic conductivity of plants. The device comprises: a water container; a pipeline bubble removal mechanism, an inlet end of which communicates with the water container; a micro flowmeter, an inlet end of which communicates with an outlet end of the pipeline bubble removal mechanism; and a sample placement mechanism, an inlet end of which communicates with an outlet of the micro flowmeter and which is used for the placement of a plant sample to be measured. The device for determining hydraulic conductivity of plants has a simple structure, is convenient to make and has good sealing performance. Simultaneously, as a contemporary Tech-product (the micro flowmeter) is introduced in the invention, the device is characterized by simple operation, high-efficiency and accurate determination and the like during the process of determining the plant sample.

The invention relates to a method for detecting a basin evaporation amount. The method comprises the following steps: 1) a basin average monthly rainfall amount for years, a basin average monthly potential evaporation amount for years, and basin daily average rainfall intensity are obtained by counting rainfall and potential evaporation data; and a basin soil saturated hydraulic conductivity is obtained through the soil type data. 2) a climate seasonal index is obtained by calculating the average monthly rainfall amount for years and the average monthly potential evaporation amount for years, and a basin characteristic parameter n is obtained by further combining the daily average rainfall intensity with the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in a calculating manner. 3) the parameter n, a basin average annual rainfall amount for years, and a basin average annual potential evaporation amount for years are substituted to a basin water thermal coupling balance equation to obtain a basin actual evaporation amount. Compared with the traditional method, the method for calculating the basin evaporation amount according to basin climate conditions and underlying surface conditions has the advantage of obvious superiority and can be widely used in the process of detecting the basin evaporation amount.

The invention discloses a solid hydrolysis hydrogen production material which is characterized by comprising a solid NaBH4, a transition metal salt catalyst and a water absorption material, wherein the water absorption material is a porous material with water absorption rate of over 100% and hydraulic conductivity of over 1mm/s, and the mass ratio of the water absorption material to NaBH4 is (0.001-1.000) to 1. When the solid hydrolysis hydrogen production material disclosed by the invention is added with water, the added water is quickly and uniformly distributed into the whole system under the effect of the water absorption material, and all parts of the hydrogen production material mixture uniformly experience a hydrolysis hydrogen production reaction of NaBH4, thus the reaction uniformity is effectively improved; relatively complete reaction can be realized with a relatively small amount of water, and the overall hydrogen yield is effectively increased. The effect of the material disclosed by the invention is especially obvious in the case of relatively much solid powder.

The invention relates to a method for improving physical properties of urban soil. The method comprises the following steps of weighing 85 to 90 percent of planting natural soil with degraded physical properties, 8 to 10 percent of green plant waste decomposed products and 2 to 5 percent of organic fertilizers, weighing 0.5 to 2 kilograms of flue gas desulphurization gypsum to every cubic meter of the natural soil, the green plant waste decomposed products and the organic fertilizers, fully mixing the natural soil, the green plant waste decomposed products, the organic fertilizers and the flue gas desulphurization gypsum, wherein the green plant waste decomposed products are obtained by composting and fully decomposing the green plant waste for 30 to 60 days; the organic fertilizers are products obtained by 30- to 60-day fertilization and decomposition. According to the method, the raw materials are readily available, the waste is turned into wealth, and the physiochemical properties, particularly the physical structure, of the urban soil are effectively improved, so that the saturated hydraulic conductivity and effective water content of the soil are increased, positive effects on the promotion of urban energy conservation and emission reduction and the improvement of the eco-environmental quality of the soil are achieved, and the method has good social, economic and environmental benefits.

The invention provides a method for measuring unsaturated soil hydrodynamic parameters by using a pressure plate/pressure film effluent process. The method comprises the following steps of measuring a water characteristic curve, diffusivity and hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soil, and specifically comprises the following steps of preparing a soil sample: a disturbance soil sample or a non-disturbance soil sample; connecting a measuring device, by adjusting an air compressor for compression, controlling the pressure level, and then adjusting the pressure to be sent to an extractor; when adjusting the pressure, recording time, recording the total displacement after realizing stability and obtaining the water characteristic curve; further, through a 'multi-step method' and a 'one-step method', measuring the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity of the soil under continuous pressure change and selective pressure conditions, so that synchronous measurement of all the unsaturated soil hydrodynamic parameters is realized. The method provided by the invention can more accurately predict the movement of unsaturated soil moisture and provide the support for realizing accurate measurement of agricultural production and ecology.

The invention discloses a method for measuring a soil moisture characteristic curve and an unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Relevant data, such as a soil profile matrix potential, in a soil evaporation process is used, and with the help of a repeated iteration correction technology, the soil moisture characteristic and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity are simultaneously obtained. The method comprises the following steps: loading and taking undisturbed soil, sealing the bottom after adequately saturating a soil column, and ensuring that water leakage and water penetration phenomena donot happen; according to a condition of soil column moisture consumption and a change situation of reading of a tensometer, observing for 1-2 times every day, wherein content comprises a soil column weight and the reading of each tensometer; while a matrix potential value of a soil column measure point exceeds a working range of the tensometer, ending a test; sampling the soil in a laid point of each tensometer and measuring soil moisture content by using a weighing method, and measuring a soil column dry soil weight for calculating the soil column water content and time interval evaporation capacity. The method is simple in operation, and clear, and capable of more accurately forecasting unsaturated soil moisture movement, realizing agricultural production and providing support for ecological accurate measurement.

The invention provides a method for calculating the suction of infiltration wetting front of soil and the spurt volume of rainfall. The method comprises the following steps: measuring and recording changes of the volume of water supply with infiltration time by using a double-loop infiltration experiment and calculating an infiltration amount accumulated in real time; fitting necessary parameters according to the infiltration time and the infiltration amount accumulated in real time; calculating the suction of the infiltration wetting front based on the fitted parameters and fixed infiltration water head height; calculating saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil based on the fitted parameters, initial water content of soil and soil porosity; and calculating the spurt volume of rainfall on the basis of the suction of the infiltration wetting front, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil, rainfall intensity, initial water content of soil and soil porosity.

A soil saturated hydraulic conductivity automatic measuring apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a water supplying device, an infiltration device, an infiltrated water receiving and measuring device and a pedestal. The water supplying device is mounted on the pedestal and is provided with a water inlet and a water outlet. The infiltration device comprises an upper cutting ring, a lower cutting ring, a perforated plate and a funnel. The upper cutting ring is connected to the water supplying device. The perforated plate is mounted at the bottom of the lower cutting ring. The upper cutting ring and the lower cutting ring are connected and then fixed onto the funnel. An automatic lifting rack is disposed on the pedestal. The funnel is fixed to the automatic lifting rack. The infiltrated water receiving and measuring device comprises at least three graduated cylinders having a same volume and a disk rotating at regular time. The rotating time of the disk rotating at regular time can be set. One time of rotation allows one of the graduated cylinders to be right under the funnel. The apparatus has characteristics of a simple structure and operation convenience, can automatically achieve water feeding and infiltration water receiving functions, increases accuracy of measuring results and is high in automatic degree, simple in operating method, low in cost and convenient in popularization and application.

The ink control structure of a pen includes a pen body and a pen point. The interior of the pen body is an empty cavity for containing ink and the surrounding wall of the pen body is flexible and can be pinched. The inner end of the pen point joins the empty cavity via an ink supply passage. The pen point has hydraulic conductivity and can lead the ink out. The pressure-driven control valve is configured into the ink supply passage and includes a stopper end and an elastic part. The elastic part can normally push the stopper end to pressingly meet a narrow opening in the ink supply passage, thus forming a state that the ink is prevented from a flow out. While under pressure, the ink supply passage is opened to make ink flow downward to the pen point for applying or writing.