The invention discloses a mobile PM2.5 (Particulate Matter 2.5) detection system, which comprises an air collection unit, a positioning unit, a PM2.5 detection unit, a video unit, a meteorological phenomenon unit and an information processing unit. By adopting the system disclosed by the invention, on one hand, monitoring the air pollution concentration of each region of the native area is more manoeuvrable and flexible, an air pollution concentration distribution diagram of the native area is automatically drawn, and heavy pollution areas and pollution sources in the native area are conveniently determined; on the other hand, required relevant equipment can be conveniently and quickly added as needed, and main components of PM2.5 of each region of the native area are analyzed; meanwhile, by comprehensively considering the meteorological factor, the greening factor, the factor of layout planning of buildings and the like of each region of the native area, the reason of air pollution of the native area is analyzed, and a scientific and reasonable basis is provided for constituting PM2.5 treating measures of the native area.