940 results about "Protective Garment" patented technology

The invention relates to a protective clothing loss prediction method based on big data analysis, and the method comprises the steps: collecting multi-dimensional data, such as temperature and humidity, pollutants, wearing duration, motion amplitude and cleaning, through a high-precision sensor, and outputting a high-consistency loss feature set in combination with normalization, denoising and feature screening algorithms; multi-stage causal chain dynamic construction and node adaptive capacity expansion are realized through working condition clustering and causal inference, a deep neural network model is accessed, and the deep neural network model is used to accurately predict the loss of the protective clothing under complex and abnormal working conditions. According to the scheme, the real-time performance, the accuracy and the environmental adaptability of loss prediction of the protective clothing are remarkably improved, and a scientific basis is provided for management optimization and risk prevention and control.

The invention relates to the field of cooling of human body protective clothing, in particular to a cooling fabric based on phase change microcapsules. The cooling fabric comprises a polyester fiber layer, a phase change microcapsule layer and a PTFE waterproof breathable film layer. The polyester fiber layer is made of skin-friendly polyester fibers, has excellent moisture absorption and sweat releasing performance and can improve wearing comfort. The phase-change microcapsule layer is formed by uniformly embedding microcapsules coated with a phase-change material into the textile structure, and absorbs heat and generates phase change when the environment temperature rises, so that the temperature of the fabric is reduced; the PTFE waterproof breathable film layer has waterproof and breathable functions, can prevent external liquid from permeating, allows water vapor to permeate, and enhances environmental adaptability. By optimizing the spinning method of the phase-change microcapsules, the phase-change heat exchange efficiency can be improved while the air permeability of the fabric is kept, and the cooling performance of the fabric at high temperature is ensured. The fabric can be widely applied to high-temperature work clothes, outdoor sportswear and intelligent temperature control textiles, and has the advantages of being high in temperature adjusting capacity, comfortable, breathable and the like.

The invention discloses special protective clothing capable of preventing molten metal from splashing and application of the special protective clothing. The special protective clothing comprises a fireproof coat and a fireproof knitted underwear, the fireproof coat is a one-piece fireproof coat, and the fireproof knitted underwear is a fireproof knitted long-sleeve underwear; the fireproof coat is made of an anti-splashing fabric, and the anti-splashing fabric comprises a flame-retardant layer, an aerogel heat insulation layer and a base layer from outside to inside; the flame-retardant layer, the aerogel heat insulation layer and the base layer are bonded into the anti-splashing fabric by adopting a full-thickness puncture sewing process; the fireproof knitted underwear is made of non-combustible fiber, flame-retardant fiber and antistatic fiber blended fabric. The protective clothing has multiple functions, the fireproof coat and the fireproof knitted underwear both have permanent flame-retardant protective performance, can be used independently and can be worn according to different special operation scene requirements, the comprehensive utilization performance of the protective clothing is improved, and the purpose of reducing the use cost is achieved.

The invention belongs to the field of flame-retardant finishing of textiles, and discloses a phytic acid-based flame retardant and a preparation method of a flame-retardant cotton fabric. Natural phytic acid, polyethylene glycol, melamine and metal salt are used as main raw materials, the environment-friendly characteristic of a biomass material is combined, an efficient and environment-friendly flame retardant is prepared, the prepared flame retardant is arranged on a cotton fabric through a traditional impregnation method, and the flame retardance and smoke suppression performance of the arranged cotton fabric are greatly improved. The method not only has a good flame retardant effect, but also avoids potential hazards of a traditional flame retardant to the environment and human health, and has a wide application prospect. The flame-retardant cotton fabric can be widely applied to the fields of household textiles, protective clothing, fire-fighting equipment and the like, and has remarkable economic benefits and social benefits. The invention not only provides an efficient and environment-friendly flame retardant preparation method, but also opens up a new way for application of biomass materials in the field of flame retardance, and has important scientific significance and practical value.

A protective garment is disclosed that is reusable and can be relaundered over 70 times. The garment is made from a single layer barrier fabric. Any seams on the protective fabric are covered with a seam tape. The seam tape can include an adhesive layer, a cover layer, and an optional film layer positioned between the cover layer and the adhesive layer. The adhesive layer can be a crosslinkable polyester polymer.

The utility model relates to the technical field of laser cutting, and discloses a laser cutting device for metal parts, according to the scheme, the laser cutting device comprises a placing table, the front side and the rear side of the placing table are slidably connected with the same U-shaped frame, a rectangular hole is formed in the top side of the U-shaped frame, and a motor is fixedly connected to the top side of the U-shaped frame. When an electric telescopic rod adjusts the distance between a laser cutting head body and a metal piece, a blocking cover can make contact with the surface of the placed metal piece in advance, the blocking cover and an output shaft of the electric telescopic rod can slide along with continuous movement of the laser cutting head body, and the blocking cover and the output shaft of the electric telescopic rod can synchronously move along with movement of the laser cutting head body; and at the moment, the blocking cover can be used for sealing the cutting environment during cutting operation, so that the situation that spark slag splashes everywhere is effectively avoided, workers can still be effectively protected on the premise that the workers do not wear protective clothing, dangers are avoided, and application and popularization are facilitated.

An article, a method of making the same, and a method of using the same are provided. Such an article includes at least one coated layer, which includes a substrate and a coating disposed on the substrate. The coating includes a layered nanomaterial and a solute embedded and distributed in the layered nanomaterial. The solute comprises at least one salt soluble in a solvent. The substrate comprises a polymer, for example, a high-performance polymer such as polyether ether ketone and poly(para-phenylene terephthalamide). The article is used for thermal management applications, for example, as protective garment.

The invention relates to the related field of composite fibers, in particular to a method for processing composite fibers by compounding polypropylene with silicon dioxide aerogel, which is characterized in that silicon dioxide aerogel powder is uniformly distributed on the surface layer of a polypropylene film through electrostatic adsorption, and film-split fibers are obtained through laminating, drafting, splitting and other processes; the polypropylene fiber and the silicon dioxide aerogel powder are well combined, the defect that the aerogel material cannot be flexibly processed is overcome, processing of the fibrous aerogel material is achieved, and the fiber product can be widely used for manufacturing protective clothing, thermal insulation materials, industrial cloth, filtering materials and the like.

The invention belongs to the technical field of fire safety, and discloses a fireman fire extinguishing protective clothing data acquisition method and system based on biosensing, and the method comprises the steps: collecting fire-fighting environment data and personnel physiological data, and carrying out the sensing enhancement of the personnel physiological data, and obtaining enhanced physiological data; performing data decoupling on the enhanced physiological data to obtain physiological clear data; performing environment temperature calibration on the physiological clear data based on the fire-fighting environment data to obtain physiological calibration data, and performing micro-motion compensation on the physiological calibration data to obtain physiological compensation data; performing physiological evaluation on the physiological compensation data based on the constructed physiological evaluation model to obtain a health evaluation label of the firefighter, and performing corresponding safety early warning on the firefighter based on the health label; and the intelligent level and the safety performance of the fireman protective clothing are obviously improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of functional modification of polyimide nanofiber membranes, and discloses a preparation process and application of a polyimide nanofiber membrane. The polyimide nanofiber membrane is prepared through an electrostatic spinning method, and a novel organic-inorganic hybrid antistatic component is prepared in the coating process of the polyimide nanofiber membrane. The preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing an organic-inorganic hybrid antistatic component, dispersing the organic-inorganic hybrid antistatic component in absolute ethyl alcohol to obtain an organic-inorganic hybrid antistatic component dispersion liquid, performing surface treatment on a polyimide nanofiber membrane through polydopamine, and soaking the polyimide nanofiber membrane in the organic-inorganic hybrid antistatic component dispersion liquid to prepare the polyimide nanofiber membrane with the antistatic function. The prepared polyimide nanofiber membrane with the antistatic function has excellent antistatic performance and can be applied to functional clothing such as protective clothing, cold protective clothing and knitted clothing.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a degradable poly (p-dioxanone) melt-blown non-woven material, the melt-blown non-woven material takes poly (p-dioxanone) as a raw material, the poly (p-dioxanone) is extruded by a spinneret plate after being heated and melted by a twin-screw extruder, and is drawn at a high speed in hot air flow to form fibers, and then the fibers are self-bonded to form a net and collected by a receiving device to obtain the degradable poly (p-dioxanone) melt-blown non-woven material. The melt-blown non-woven material has good performance effects on mechanical strength, biodegradability, filtering performance, air permeability, humidity resistance and chemical stability, so that the melt-blown non-woven material can be widely applied to surgical dressings, wound binding materials, mask materials and protective clothing materials in the field of clinical medicine; the material can be applied to sanitary towel materials, paper diaper materials and wet tissue materials in the field of sanitary materials, plant covering materials and seed coating materials in the field of agriculture, and food fresh-keeping packaging materials in the field of food packaging.

The invention relates to the technical field of wave-absorbing materials, in particular to a broadband wave-absorbing material and a preparation method and application thereof. According to the preparation technology of the wave-absorbing material, a non-woven fabric carrier with graded pores and continuous gradient distribution is constructed by virtue of induction of a centrifugal force field, and then the non-woven fabric carrier is placed in a magnetic dispersion liquid system to be subjected to impregnation ultrasonic dispersion load treatment, so that heterogeneous interface structures are constructed on the surfaces and the interiors of fibers, and the prepared material fabric has the characteristics of light weight and broadband wave-absorbing performance; the method is suitable for military and civil high-tech fields such as electromagnetic protective clothing and invisibility. The method has the advantages of short production period, high raw material utilization rate and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of nanofiber porous membranes, in particular to an electrostatic spinning nanofiber porous membrane for protective clothing. The electrostatic spinning nanofiber porous membrane for the protective clothing is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass: 5 to 15 parts of polyvinylidene fluoride, 1 to 2 parts of zirconium chloride, 5 to 15 parts of titanium dioxide aerogel, 0.5 to 1.5 parts of 2-aminoterephthalic acid, 1 to 3 parts of glacial acetic acid, 1 to 5 parts of collagen and 1 to 2 parts of carbon nanotubes. The titanium dioxide aerogel is prepared by the following steps: adding butyl titanate and graphene oxide into ethanol, uniformly stirring, adjusting the pH value of the system to 3-4, stirring for 10-20 minutes, standing for 1-2 hours at 60-70 DEG C, filtering, washing, drying, crushing, mixing with carboxyl-terminated polyamidoamine, adding into water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment, freezing, carrying out vacuum drying, and crushing. The composite film is excellent in structural stability, good in barrier property, high in puncture-resistant strength and excellent in moisture penetrability.

The totally-enclosed protective clothing comprises a protective clothing body, straps and the portable air conditioner, the straps are attached to the protective clothing body, the straps are fixedly connected to the portable air conditioner, the portable air conditioner is attached to the protective clothing body, an air outlet is formed in the protective clothing body, and the portable air conditioner is fixedly connected to the air outlet. A closed zipper is arranged on the protective clothing body, a mask is arranged on the protective clothing body, and an emergency opening is formed in the protective clothing body; demisting is carried out by adjusting the temperature of the portable air conditioner, blurring when observation is carried out through the mask is avoided, breathing can be carried out by opening the emergency opening in an emergency situation, the internal temperature can be flexibly adjusted when full-closed use of the protective clothing is achieved, the blurring condition of sight is avoided, and the protective clothing is convenient to use. The use safety of the protective clothing is improved; and through the quick connecting assembly, the air pipe can be quickly mounted and dismounted, the mounting and using stability is guaranteed, and the use experience of a user is improved.

A protective device for maintaining body temperature in a living being is provided. The inventive protective device comprises a first sheet member having a left portion and a right portion. The first sheet member has a left edge and a right edge. A first channel member defines structure defining a first channel. The first channel member defines structure which is secured to and overlies a first portion of the left portion of the first sheet member and overlies a first portion of the right portion of the first sheet member. A second channel defining structure defines a second channel, the second channel defining structure secured to and overlying a second portion of the left portion of the first sheet member and overlying a second portion of the right portion of the first sheet member. Each of the channels have a first side and an opposite side opposite the first side. A variable length member is disposed on and extends along the length of each of the channels. There is a connection structure positioned proximate the left edge; and a mating connection structure positioned proximate the right edge.

The utility model discloses a comfortable and breathable firefighter fire-extinguishing protective garment, and relates to the technical field of firefighter fire-extinguishing protective garments, the comfortable and breathable firefighter fire-extinguishing protective garment comprises a protective garment body, and a fabric for making the protective garment body comprises an outer flame-retardant layer, a first waterproof and breathable layer, a second waterproof and breathable layer, a heat insulation layer and a comfortable layer; the first waterproof breathable layer and the second waterproof breathable layer are made of nanofiber membranes; wherein the inner side of the outer flame-retardant layer is connected with the outer side of the first waterproof breathable layer; the inner side of the second waterproof breathable layer is connected with the outer side of the heat insulation layer; after the fabric for making the protective clothing body is sewn, the inner side of the first waterproof breathable layer is in contact with the outer side of the second waterproof breathable layer; the inner side of the heat insulation layer makes contact with the outer side of the comfortable layer. The protective clothing has the advantages of being good in air permeability and flexibility and capable of effectively improving the comfort degree of a user wearing the fire-fighting protective clothing for the firefighter.

Disclosed are methods, devices, and systems for improved protective clothing such as helmets and protective headgear, including improvements in modular, semi-custom or customized helmet liners and / or inserts to enhance wearer comfort and reduce the deleterious effects of impacts between the wearer and other players and / or objects in all types of wearer activities (i.e., sports, military, equestrian, etc.).

The invention relates to the technical field of paint removers, and particularly discloses a paint removal composition, a paint stain cleaning agent and application of the paint stain cleaning agent. The paint stain cleaning agent provided by the invention is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 30 to 40 parts of EDTA-2Na (Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid), 200 to 300 parts of caustic soda flakes, 140 to 170 parts of sodium alcohol ether sulphate, 160 to 180 parts of sodium xylene sulfonate, 400 to 450 parts of monoethanolamine, 1100 to 1300 parts of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, 250 to 300 parts of limonene, 40 to 100 parts of saponin extract and 3700 to 3900 parts of water, the saponin extract is selected from one or more of soapnut saponin, fenugreek saponin and aescin; the invention further provides a paint stain cleaning agent prepared from the paint removal composition and application of the paint stain cleaning agent to cleaning of protective clothing. The paint stain cleaning agent provided by the invention can quickly permeate into paint and the contact surface of the paint and protective clothing, so that the paint on the surface of the protective clothing is dissolved and effectively stripped.

The invention belongs to the technical field of data communication, and discloses an automatic early warning communication method and system for firefighter fire extinguishing protective clothing, and the method comprises the steps: collecting multidimensional monitoring data of firefighters and fire scene environment data; the method comprises the following steps: introducing an adaptive bucket division strategy, calculating bucket width, combining bucket index distribution, applying a rapid sorting algorithm in each bucket, carrying out partitioning and ascending sorting on fireman multi-dimensional monitoring data, and obtaining a sorted data set; performing dimension reduction on the sorted data set by applying variance proportion calculation and cumulative variance proportion calculation to obtain a multi-dimensional monitoring sequence; performing outlier elimination on the fire scene environment data to obtain a fire scene environment sequence; performing weighted fusion on the multi-dimensional monitoring sequence and the fire scene environment sequence to obtain a comprehensive feature sequence; and the safety and the rescue efficiency of firemen in a fire scene are improved.

A detection and identification system includes a display portion, an image-taking portion, and a protective clothing detection portion. The image-taking portion captures a full-body image of a person wearing protective clothing. The display portion displays the full-body image in real time. The protective clothing detection portion divides the full-body image into plural to-be-identified regions according to the joints of the human body, uses an anomaly detection method or semantic segmentation algorithm to determine whether each to-be-identified region meets detection criteria, and marks the to-be-identified regions in such a way that each to-be-identified region meeting, or failing to meet, the detection criteria is displayed by the display portion as marked with a first mark or a second mark respectively. The first and second marks are different-colored blocks or frames. The system allows the current condition of the protective clothing to be rapidly known so that appropriate handling measures can be taken.

The invention discloses a modified silicon nitride non-woven fabric and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of silicon nitride non-woven fabrics. The invention provides a silicon nitride non-woven fabric. The silicon nitride non-woven fabric comprises a non-woven fabric base material and chitosan quaternary ammonium salt-alpha-phase silicon nitride composite particles loaded on the surface of the non-woven fabric base material, the chitosan quaternary ammonium salt-alpha-phase silicon nitride composite particles are formed by combining chitosan quaternary ammonium salt and hydroxylated alpha-phase silicon nitride through hydrogen bonds and coordinate bonds. According to the silicon nitride non-woven fabric, the antiviral inactivation efficiency can be greatly improved, and thorough inactivation of viruses is achieved; the dispersity of alpha-phase silicon nitride particles is obviously improved, and the air permeability of the non-woven fabric is guaranteed; the adhesive force of the particles and a base material is enhanced, and long-acting and stable antiviral performance is The virus contact time is prolonged, and the physical puncture effect is enhanced; the material has excellent biocompatibility, adapts to medical scenes, can be safely applied to medical protection products, such as medical masks and protective garments, which are in direct contact with a human body, and has both safety and practicability.

The utility model relates to the field of protective clothing, in particular to intelligent integrated multifunctional protective clothing which comprises a protective clothing jacket and an intelligent monitoring device. The protective clothing jacket comprises an outer flame-retardant fireproof surface layer, a middle composite foam material core layer and an inner comfortable lining layer, and the intelligent monitoring device comprises a shell, a charging and discharging module, a signal collecting and processing module, a display module and a communication module. The intelligent monitoring device is integrated with the protective clothing, so that key parameters such as heart rate, blood oxygen, body temperature, position information and the like of a wearer and environmental conditions such as smoke concentration, harmful gas concentration, heat energy distribution and the like in a fire scene can be effectively monitored, and data can be uploaded to a cloud management platform through a wireless communication module. And peripheral monitoring and combat command are facilitated. The utility model has the advantages of novel design, convenience in wearing, complete functions and the like.

The utility model discloses an emergency escape garment capable of being quickly put on and taken off by magnetic force, which comprises a protective garment, the protective garment comprises a first top fly and a second top fly, a plurality of magnetic buttons a are distributed on the first top fly along the length direction in an array manner, and magnetic buttons b are distributed on the second top fly along the length direction in an array manner; the multiple magnetic attraction buckles a correspond to the multiple magnetic attraction buckles b in a one-to-one mode. And the magnetic type buckling structure has the characteristics of quick suction, automatic buckling and quick separation.

The invention discloses a four-side elastic medical protective clothing fabric production process and equipment thereof, and relates to the field of four-side elastic medical protective clothing fabrics. A water pump, a limiting roller, a guide roller, a first turning roller, a second turning roller and a third turning roller are mounted in a singeing machine; cloth penetrates through the limiting roller, the guide roller, the first turning roller, the second turning roller and the third turning roller to be subjected to angle adjustment, two sets of heating guide rollers are further installed on the lower portion in the singeing machine, and singeing discs are installed at the two ends of each set of heating guide rollers. Through the singeing disc and the singeing plate, in the singeing process, the surface of cloth can be subjected to singeing treatment through the singeing plate, the two sides of the cloth are also subjected to singeing through the singeing disc, and before the singeing process, the angle of a sliding plate can be adjusted according to requirements, so that the position of a wire mesh is changed; therefore, singeing at different positions of the side surface of the cloth is performed, and the singeing effect is improved.

The present disclosure provides a one-piece garment for protection of a wearer from radiation. The garment comprises an upper body section, a collar section and a front flap section to shield a region of thyroid, a region of torso and a region of gonad of the wearer.

To provide protective clothing that can protect the body when attacked by a bear and repel the bear. [Solution] Protective clothing worn to repel bear attacks comprises a protective fabric 1 sandwiched between a surface fabric 2 and a backing fabric 3. The protective fabric 1 comprises a chemical-containing layer 11 capable of releasing a chemical to repel bears, and a protective layer 12 for physical protection from bear attacks. The chemical used to repel bears is capsaicin, derived from chili peppers. When a strong force is applied to the human body by a bear attack, physical damage to the chemical-containing layer 11 causes the chemical to be released, allowing the bear to repel. Furthermore, the protective layer 12 cushions the impact on the human body, making the garment effective in protecting the human body from bear attacks.

The invention relates to the technical field of labor protection clothing manufacturing, and discloses novel labor protection clothing containing bamboo fibers and a preparation method of the novel labor protection clothing. 20%-23% of cotton fiber; 28%-32% of polyester fibers; 4%-6% of nanofiber felt; 2%-3% of antistatic conductive wires; 2%-3% of an acid-proof material; 2%-3% of an alkali-proof material; 5%-7% of a flame-retardant material and 1.2%-1.6% of a flame retardant; 0.5%-1% of an acid and alkali resistant finishing agent; 0.5%-1% of an anti-shrinking agent; the preparation method comprises the steps of material pretreatment, multi-component fiber precise premixing, embedded weaving conductive yarn spinning, high-density weaving, nano functional layer compounding and synergistic after-finishing, and the bamboo fiber, the functional polyester and the nano fibrofelt are compounded through a ternary synergistic system of the bamboo fiber, the functional polyester and the nano fibrofelt and a low-temperature hot melting point bonding and electrostatic electret integrated compounding process. Therefore, the beneficial effects that the air permeability is improved, the shrinkage rate is reduced and the color fastness to washing is improved on the premise that the safety protection levels of flame retardance, acid and alkali resistance and static resistance are not reduced are achieved.

The invention discloses a self-response temperature-regulating flame-retardant micro-nano heat-insulating fabric and a preparation method thereof. The fabric comprises base cloth and a micro-nano structure coating, the base cloth comprises a double-layer fabric woven by using core-sheath yarns as independent warp yarns and weft yarns; wherein the core-sheath yarn is formed by spinning self-response flame-retardant filaments serving as core filaments wrapped with flame-retardant and temperature-adjusting fibers; the self-response flame-retardant filament is a sheath-core composite fiber; the micro-nano structure coating is a pattern constructed on the surface of the fabric after a metal coating is subjected to acid treatment. When the self-response temperature-regulating flame-retardant micro-nano heat-insulating fabric encounters a heat source, the self-response flame-retardant filaments uniformly distributed in the fabric are heated and expanded to form air cavities, so that the thickness and the density of the fabric are increased, and the self-response flame-retardant filaments and heat reflection dissipation of the micro-nano structure patterns of the fabric synergistically exert thermal protection performance; the fabric integrates multiple functions of self-response, intelligent temperature regulation, flame retardance, heat insulation and static prevention, is simple in process, is green and environment-friendly, and can be used for developing thermal protection clothing in the fields of electric power, metallurgy, petrifaction, fire fighting and the like.

The invention discloses a temperature on-line monitoring and early warning system for fire protection clothing, which relates to the technical field of fire protection monitoring and early warning and comprises a data collection module, a data preprocessing module, a calculation processing module and an early warning execution module. Wherein the calculation processing module comprises a dynamic temperature risk unit, a comprehensive environment risk unit and a safety prediction unit. The dynamic temperature risk unit fuses temperature, a safety threshold value, a change rate, material aging, humidity and a heat reflection attenuation coefficient, outputs a dynamic temperature risk coefficient and reflects a safety margin, and the comprehensive environment risk unit introduces gas concentration, the number of hazardous articles, smoke attenuation and an action intensity coefficient based on the dynamic temperature risk coefficient, constructs an environment coupling risk index, and finally performs the safety analysis on the environment coupling risk index. And the safety prediction unit integrates a basic safety time constant, an environment coupling risk index, a dynamic temperature risk coefficient, a heat flux density and an oxygen concentration correction coefficient, outputs a residual safety time prediction value, and guides an evacuation decision of a fireman.

The invention relates to the technical field of protective clothing testing, and discloses a protective clothing combustion testing device based on an intelligent sensor, which comprises a control console, a testing cabinet is arranged on the control console, a simulation mechanism for simulating real motion is arranged on the inner wall of the testing cabinet, and an exhaust mechanism for ventilation is arranged on the inner wall of the testing cabinet. According to the device, in the rotating process of the fire protection clothing, it can be ensured that heat flow of subsequent flame testing is uniform, testing and detection are free of dead corners, the real wearing state is simulated, the flame testing quality of the device on the fire protection clothing is improved, the testing combustion precision of the device on the fire protection clothing is improved, and the testing efficiency is improved. And meanwhile, a temperature sensor on the surface of the human body model can test the internal temperature of the fire protection clothing, all-directional combustion test detection of the device on the fire protection clothing can be improved through rotary movement of a flame gun, and the combustion test effect of the device is improved.