183 results about "Limonene" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of cleaning agents, and discloses a biodegradable environment-friendly cleaning agent, which comprises: a composite surfactant system comprising at least one nonionic surfactant, an ampholytic surfactant and a chelating functional surfactant; the plant extract oil system comprises limonene and a eucalyptus oil mixture; the functional particle system comprises nanoscale enzyme microcapsules and slow-release type oxidized particles; the natural polysaccharide stable network system comprises at least two polysaccharide thickeners and a bio-based cross-linking agent, and the assistant system comprises a metal ion chelating agent, a buffer acid system and water. By introducing sodium polyaspartate as a green chelating surfactant, efficient chelating of calcium and magnesium ions under a hard water condition is realized, the cleaning power is remarkably improved, water stain residues are reduced, and the cleaning performance with wider adaptability is obtained.

The invention discloses a botanical attractant for thrips hawaiiensis in a banana field and application of the botanical attractant. According to the application, alpha-pinene, caryophyllene, DL-limonene, beta-pinene and D-limonene which have a remarkable attracting effect on thrips hawaiiensis are separated and identified from banana flower buds which are host plants of the thrips hawaiiensis, and effective concentrations of the compounds with the attracting effect on the thrips hawaiiensis are screened out; the five compounds are mixed according to a certain volume ratio to prepare the thrips hawaiiensis luring composition. Indoor and outdoor experiments prove that the trapping composition provided by the invention has remarkable trapping activity on thrips hawaiiensis in a banana field. The attractant provided by the invention is derived from plants, is simple to prepare, is environment-friendly, is non-toxic to people and livestock, and has a good popularization and application prospect.

The invention relates to the technical field of paint removers, and particularly discloses a paint removal composition, a paint stain cleaning agent and application of the paint stain cleaning agent. The paint stain cleaning agent provided by the invention is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 30 to 40 parts of EDTA-2Na (Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid), 200 to 300 parts of caustic soda flakes, 140 to 170 parts of sodium alcohol ether sulphate, 160 to 180 parts of sodium xylene sulfonate, 400 to 450 parts of monoethanolamine, 1100 to 1300 parts of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, 250 to 300 parts of limonene, 40 to 100 parts of saponin extract and 3700 to 3900 parts of water, the saponin extract is selected from one or more of soapnut saponin, fenugreek saponin and aescin; the invention further provides a paint stain cleaning agent prepared from the paint removal composition and application of the paint stain cleaning agent to cleaning of protective clothing. The paint stain cleaning agent provided by the invention can quickly permeate into paint and the contact surface of the paint and protective clothing, so that the paint on the surface of the protective clothing is dissolved and effectively stripped.

The invention belongs to the technical field of microbial fermentation, and relates to bacillus cereus capable of biologically converting limonene, the bacillus cereus is preserved in the China Center for Culture Collection, the classification name is Bacillus cereus GJ-02, the preservation number is CCTCC M 20251438, and the preservation date is June 23, 2025; according to the invention, the bacillus cereus strain capable of biologically converting limonene and having efficient conversion capability is separated and screened, a new strain resource is provided for microbial conversion of D-limonene, and a theoretical basis is provided for biosynthesis and metabolic engineering modification of terpenoids; therefore, the method has a wide application prospect in the field of microbial fermentation.

The invention belongs to the technical field of microbial fermentation, and relates to a nitrate reducing pseudomonas capable of biologically converting limonene, which is preserved in the China Center for Culture Collection, the classification name of which is Pseudomonas nitritiducens GJ-01, the preservation number of which is CCTCC M 20251439, and the preservation date of which is June 23, 2025, and the preservation number of which is CCTCC M 20251439. According to the invention, the nitrate reducing pseudomonas strain with efficient conversion capability and capable of biologically converting limonene is separated and screened, so that a new strain resource is provided for microbial conversion of D-limonene, and a theoretical basis is provided for biosynthesis and metabolic engineering modification of terpenoids; therefore, the method has a wide application prospect in the field of microbial fermentation.

This invention provides a rapid and visual detection method for D-limonene and its application, belonging to the field of analytical chemistry. The method includes: mixing ethanol and water to form a solvent system, sequentially adding template agents Pluronic P123 and Pluronic F127, phloroglucinol, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, and ethylenediamine, and stirring at room temperature until homogeneous; after the reaction is complete, washing, centrifuging, drying, and calcining to obtain DNCzyme; adding TMB, H2O2, and DNCzyme to an acetate-sodium acetate buffer solution HAc-NaAc, and finally adding D-limonene, incubating, and then visually detecting the solution. The colorimetric sensing method for detecting D-limonene provided by this invention is rapid, simple, low-cost, highly sensitive, and selective, and can be visualized using a smartphone.

The invention relates to the technical field of cleaning tablets, and provides a multi-effect cleaning tablet for a kitchen waste processor and a preparation method of the multi-effect cleaning tablet. The multi-effect cleaning tablet comprises a foaming cleaning layer, an oxidation sterilization layer and a deep decomposition layer, the foaming cleaning layer is arranged on one side of the oxidation sterilization layer, the deep decomposition layer is arranged on the opposite side of the oxidation sterilization layer, and the foaming cleaning layer comprises sodium bicarbonate, gluconic acid-delta-lactone, alkyl glycoside, limonene and a chelating agent; the oxidation sterilization layer comprises sodium percarbonate, potassium hydrogen peroxysulfate, potassium carbonate, sodium citrate and a stabilizer; the deep decomposition layer comprises biological enzyme. Gluconic acid-delta-lactone is adopted in the foaming cleaning layer of the multi-effect cleaning tablet to generate gluconic acid, so that the system is prevented from instantly and violently turning over, a middle-layer peroxidation system is favorably released at a proper time, invalid decomposition is reduced, strong acid or violent pH fluctuation is prevented from permeating into an inner layer, the enzyme inactivation risk is reduced, the foaming process is mild, and the foaming effect is good. And the integral integrity of the tablet can be maintained.

The application discloses a high-efficiency paint-removing liquid, a preparation method thereof and a wet wipe, wherein the high-efficiency paint-removing liquid comprises, in terms of mass fractions, an alcohol ether solvent, N,N-dimethyl-9-decenamide, an emulsifier, a penetrating agent, a humectant, limonene and a preservative; the alcohol ether solvent is used to improve the polarity of the whole system, can soften and swell the paint film well, and reduce the adhesion of the paint film to a base material; the N,N-dimethyl-9-decenamide is used as a main surface-active paint remover, and the penetrating property of the N,N-dimethyl-9-decenamide can make the paint molecular chain break, so that the paint molecular structure is decomposed; the alcohol ether solvent and the N,N-dimethyl-9-decenamide can cooperate to make the paint layer easy to peel off; the penetrating agent is further used to enhance the emulsification and dispersion of the paint, help the softened and decomposed paint particles stably disperse in the solution, prevent the paint particles from being redeposited, and facilitate subsequent cleaning and removal; and the limonene is used as a complexing agent and cooperates with other components to realize the high-efficiency and thorough paint-removing effect.

The invention relates to a method for catalytically pyrolyzing waste tires by utilizing modified sintering ash, which comprises the following steps of: performing high-temperature heat treatment modification on the sintering ash, and performing pyrolytic reaction on the modified sintering ash and the waste tires in a reaction furnace to obtain a pyrolytic oil liquid-phase product rich in monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and limonene. According to the invention, the modified sintering ash is used as a catalyst, so that the yield of pyrolytic oil in the pyrolysis process of the waste tire is increased, and the content of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon or limonene in the pyrolytic oil is increased. In addition, Fe and Zn metals are recovered through the rotary hearth furnace. The invention provides an efficient treatment and utilization mode of the sintering ash, meanwhile, the composition of the waste tire pyrolytic oil can be effectively improved, metal resources can be recycled, good environmental benefits and economic benefits can be generated, corresponding environmental problems can be solved, and considerable economic benefits can also be brought.

The invention provides a mild refreshing borneol essential oil compound as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The borneol essential oil compound is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 1 to 50 parts of borneol, 0.1 to 50 parts of menthol, 1 to 10 parts of natural camphor, 0.1 to 0.5 part of herba dendrobii essential oil, 35 to 70 parts of carrier oil, 0.2 to 1 part of vitamin E, 1 to 3 parts of eudesmol, 0.2 to 1 part of limonene and 0.5 to 5 parts of cinnamomum camphora essential oil clathrate compound. The borneol essential oil compound prepared by the invention has the advantages of better stability, high essential oil retention rate, freshness and durability, mild components without skin irritation, and refreshing effect, and can be applied to preparation of products such as snorting essential oil, roll-on essential oil or vehicle-mounted fragrance and the like.

The invention discloses a specific luring composition for female adult tomato leaf miner as well as preparation and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of agricultural pest control, the active ingredients of the luring composition comprise limonene, terpinene, E-beta-caryophyllene and octadecane, and the weight ratio of the limonene to the terpinene to the E-beta-caryophyllene to the octadecane is 5: 3: 2: (1-5). The invention also provides a preparation method of the composition, which comprises the following steps: diluting the components with a solvent, mixing according to a ratio, and loading on a slow-release carrier such as a natural desulfurized rubber plug to prepare the lure. The trapping composition shows strong specific trapping activity to female adult tomato leaf miners, can be effectively used for trapping, monitoring and green prevention and control of female insects in the field, and has the advantages of being specific in effect, environmentally friendly, easy and convenient to prepare and the like.

The invention discloses a peach ketone synthesis method, which relates to the technical field of essence and perfume synthesis, and comprises the following steps: adding cyclopentanone and glacial acetic acid into a reaction container, starting stirring, adding manganese acetate (II) and cobalt acetate (II), and then adding acetic anhydride; introducing dried air below the liquid level, heating to 80-100 DEG C, dropwise adding D-limonene, and carrying out a heat preservation reaction after dropwise adding is finished; gC monitors the reaction endpoint, and the reaction is stopped when the product purity of the reaction liquid is not increased any more; after the reaction is finished, filtering, carrying out reduced pressure distillation to recover cyclopentanone, glacial acetic acid and unreacted D-limonene, after the recovery is finished, adding methanol and n-heptane into kettle liquid, carrying out water extraction, washing and liquid separation, washing an organic phase with a sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution, carrying out reduced pressure distillation on the organic phase to recover n-heptane, and after the recovery is finished, obtaining a peach ketone crude product; and carrying out crude drawing and rectification on the peach ketone crude product to obtain a peach ketone finished product. The method has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, low safety risk and few three wastes, and can obtain a high-purity peach ketone finished product.

The invention relates to a synthesis method of a limonene epoxidation reaction catalytic material based on light-enzyme synergy, which comprises the following steps: 1) preparing an aqueous solution containing zinc nitrate hexahydrate and CALB, and recording the aqueous solution as a solution A; preparing an aqueous solution containing 2-methylimidazole and sodium anthraquinone sulfonate (SAS), and recording the aqueous solution as a solution B; and 2) mixing the solution A and the solution B, reacting at a certain temperature for a certain time, carrying out solid-liquid separation after the reaction is finished, and washing and drying the solid to obtain the product. The catalyst is used for preparing 1, 2-epoxy limonene through limonene epoxidation, the reaction condition is milder, and the reaction efficiency is higher; the limonene conversion rate is as high as 91%, the selectivity of the product 1, 2-epoxy limonene is as high as 95%, the performance is stable, and the pH tolerance is strong.

The application relates to the technical field of paper wet strength agent, and discloses a high-solid-content wet strength agent and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: reacting a dibasic acid and a dibasic amine under the action of an acid catalyst to obtain a polyamide prepolymer; after the polyamide prepolymer is cooled, deionized water is added to adjust the solid content, then allyl glycidyl ether, limonene, organic modified montmorillonite and an initiator are added, and a polyamide intermediate is obtained through reaction; the polyamide intermediate is cooled to room temperature, and epichlorohydrin is added dropwise, and after reaction at room temperature, the temperature is increased for reaction, and the solid content is adjusted, and the high-solid-content wet strength agent is obtained. After the limonene in the wet strength agent is grafted, hydrophobic microzones are formed in the polymer network, the combination and penetration capacity of water molecules, paper fibers and the wet strength agent can be reduced, the wet resistance and wet strength of paper can be improved, and the organic modified montmorillonite can form synergy with the hydrophobic microzones constructed by the limonene, so that the wet strength and wet resistance of the wet strength agent are further improved.

The invention discloses a self-repairing flexible supercapacitor based on double dynamic bonds and a preparation method thereof, and the method comprises the steps: taking limonene (LIM) and lipoic acid (LA) as monomers, and carrying out one-pot polymerization to form a three-dimensional porous gel network P (LA-LIM) based on the synergistic effect of double dynamic bonds of hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds; the multifunctional polymer gel P (LA-LIM)-IL with good flexibility, self-healing property and ionic conductivity is prepared by further introducing ionic liquid (ILs), and the flexible symmetric supercapacitor assembled by taking nitrogen-doped porous carbon (N-C) as an electrode shows excellent self-repairing property and environmental adaptability. The method is simple and convenient in process and low in cost, and has important practical value in the field of flexible energy storage devices.

This invention discloses a multi-target synergistic preservation method for fruits and vegetables based on the active ingredients of Torreya grandis aril, belonging to the field of fruit and vegetable preservation technology. The method includes the following steps: Step 1: Using Torreya grandis aril as raw material, Torreya grandis aril essential oil is extracted by steam distillation. This multi-target synergistic preservation method for fruits and vegetables based on the active ingredients of Torreya grandis aril combines four active ingredients—3-carene, D-limonene, δ-juniperol, and δ-juniperene—from the Torreya grandis aril essential oil with chitosan to construct an integrated synergistic preservation system of "antioxidant—enzyme inhibition—film protection—antibacterial action." This system protects the integrity of fruit cell membranes and delays softening and water loss, thereby overcoming the shortcomings of existing technologies that are single-function and unstable in effect. It achieves precise, multi-target intervention across the entire chain of postharvest physiological decline in perishable fruits and vegetables.

The present invention relates to mixtures comprising limonene and fungicides and methods to protect plants using such mixtures.

The invention discloses a perilla frutescens shell powder fruit and vegetable cleaning agent and a preparation method thereof. The fruit and vegetable cleaning agent is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5 to 10 parts of perilla frutescens extract, 60 to 80 parts of calcined shell powder, 10 to 15 parts of limonene, 5 to 15 parts of sodium citrate and 0.2 to 0.6 part of vitamin E. Mixing a perilla frutescens extract, sodium citrate and the calcined shell powder, adding a proper amount of 30% (V / V) ethanol solution, stirring for 120-180 minutes, adding limonene and vitamin E, and continuously stirring for 60 minutes to obtain a first mixture; and drying the first mixture under reduced pressure, and crushing to obtain the perilla frutescens shell powder fruit and vegetable cleaning agent. Natural biological materials are adopted, damage of chemical surfactant residues to human bodies is avoided, and the product has high decontamination and sterilization capacity and can effectively adsorb heavy metal and degrade pesticide residues on the surfaces of fruits and vegetables.

The objective is to provide a fragrance composition that has high reproducibility of the fragrance of forsythia flowers and excellent palatability. [Solution] The forsythia flower fragrance composition comprises (A) methyl salicylate and / or ethyl salicylate, (B) methyl benzoate and / or ethyl benzoate, and (C) linalool and / or limonene, wherein the total content of component (A) and component (B) is 50 to 90% by mass, and the mass ratio (A / B) is 1 to 10.

The invention relates to a rust removal lubricant for metal and a preparation method of the rust removal lubricant, and belongs to the technical field of metal rust removal and corrosion prevention. The rust removal lubricant for the metal comprises a linoleic acid modified resin acid derivative, a quaternary ammonium salt modified montmorillonite-vegetable oil compound, a quaternized lignin derivative, d-limonene, epoxidized soybean oil, maleic anhydride modified tung oil, benzotriazole, a nonionic surfactant, a pH buffer system and deionized water. Through the molecular design and synergistic effect of core components such as the linoleic acid modified resin acid derivative, the quaternary ammonium salt modified montmorillonite-vegetable oil compound, the quaternized lignin derivative and the d-limonene, excellent permeability, rapid rust removal capacity and long-acting lubricating and anti-rust performance are achieved; the metal rust remover can be widely applied to rust removal, lubrication and protection of metal products such as mechanical equipment, automobile parts and hardware tools, the service life of the metal parts is prolonged, meanwhile, bio-based raw materials are adopted, the VOC content is low, and the environment-friendly requirement is met.

This invention provides an aqueous dewaxing reagent comprising the following components by weight percentage: 0.3-6% surfactant and 0.5-3% composite penetration enhancer, with the balance being water. The composite penetration enhancer is composed of limonene and terpineol, wherein the mass of terpineol is not less than 10% of the total mass of the composite penetration enhancer. The preparation method involves mixing the surfactant, composite penetration enhancer, and water. This invention utilizes a composite penetration enhancer composed of limonene and terpineol, which significantly improves dewaxing speed, reduces temperature dependence, widens the operating temperature window, reduces tissue damage, provides better protection against antigens, and is beneficial for IHC staining.

The invention discloses a preparation method of grapefruit lip balm, belongs to the technical field of cosmetics, and aims to solve the problems that the lip balm is insufficient in thin coating protection, sticky and easy to fall off and the like in winter in northern China, and the method comprises the following steps: mixing edelweiss extract coated microspheres, 5-6 parts of grapefruit essential oil modified precursor, shea butter, jojoba oil, microcrystalline wax and limonene; fully stirring to obtain an oil phase; adding sodium hyaluronate, vitamin E and grapefruit seed protein into deionized water, stirring and dissolving, heating to 50-60 DEG C, adding papain, and fully stirring to obtain a water phase; and pouring the water phase into the oil phase, fully stirring to form an emulsification system, naturally cooling, refrigerating and shaping to obtain a finished product. The lip balm prepared by the invention can realize long-acting moisturizing and anti-shedding in a thin coating state, has anti-allergy and soothing effects, is excellent in temperature change stability, and meets the use requirements of northern areas in winter.

The invention provides a formula of refreshing essential oil containing blended bergamot and orange peel oil, and relates to the technical field of essential oil preparation. The invention discloses refreshing essential oil and a preparation method thereof, and aims to solve the technical problem that existing refreshing essential oil is difficult to consider safety, functionality and use convenience at the same time. The formula comprises the following components in parts by weight: core components: 3-12 parts of bergamot oil, 5-15 parts of orange peel oil, 60-85 parts of base oil, 0.5-3 parts of rosemary essential oil which can optionally contain a synergistic component, and 0.1-0.8 part of an antioxidant which is an auxiliary material. Wherein the bergamot oil is extracted by cold pressing, the temperature is less than or equal to 30 DEG C, impurities are less than or equal to 0.5%, and linalyl acetate is more than or equal to 35%; the orange peel oil is filtered after cold pressing, the impurity content is less than or equal to 0.3%, and the limonene content is more than or equal to 90%; the acid value of the base oil is less than or equal to 1.0 mgKOH / g, and the peroxide value is less than or equal to 5.0 meq / The preparation process comprises the steps of raw material pretreatment, component mixing, ultrasonic emulsification, standing and filtering. The product is suitable for office and driving scenes, the release half-life period of volatile components is 4-6 h, the product does not contain artificially synthesized essence, and the peak value ratio of limonene to linalyl acetate detected by gas chromatography is 2.5-4.0.

To provide an analgesic composition.SOLUTION: An analgesic composition comprising limonene and geranyl acetate.SELECTED DRAWING: None

A reaction device for preparing terpineol from limonene and a synthesis method thereof are provided. The reaction device is provided with an evaporator, a reactor, a condenser, a catalyst basket, a steam riser and a siphon. The evaporator is provided with a raw material inlet and a discharge outlet. The upper portion of the evaporator is connected with the upper portion of the reactor through the steam riser. The condenser is arranged at the top of the reactor. The catalyst basket is arranged in the reactor. The siphon is connected with the reactor and the evaporator respectively. The evaporator is heated. The raw material, water and solvent are evaporated through the steam riser and condensed in the condenser. The condensed liquid is reacted with the catalyst. When the liquid level in the reactor is higher than the height of the siphon, the liquid in the reactor is returned to the evaporator by the pressure difference. The raw material, water and solvent in the evaporator are continuously evaporated and reacted. The process is repeated. After the reaction is completed, the heating is stopped, the discharge outlet is opened, the discharged material is separated by rectification, and terpineol is obtained. The reaction synthesis of terpineol from limonene is easy for subsequent rectification and separation, the reaction time is short, and the process is simple.

This application relates to the field of marine-source polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste treatment technology, specifically disclosing a phase-separation type organic solvent and a treatment process for marine-source PVC foam waste. The phase-separation type organic solvent includes a dissolving phase, a desalting phase, and a phase stabilizer. The dissolving phase includes limonene and p-methoxycyclohexanone. The desalting phase is a saturated diol. The phase stabilizer is tributyl phosphate. The dissolving phase is responsible for dissolving the PVC foam, the desalting phase is responsible for adsorbing the water and salt carried in the foam, and the phase stabilizer ensures a clear, non-emulsifying interface between the two phases. The three phases work synergistically to achieve simultaneous dissolution, desalination, and phase separation, and the regenerated PVC has extremely low salt content, eliminating the need for a water washing desalination step, thus reducing the generation and discharge of high-salt wastewater.

The invention belongs to the technical field of cleaning agents, and discloses a heavy-duty cleaning agent as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The problem that an existing industrial cleaning agent cannot achieve high cleaning capacity and safety and environmental protection at the same time is effectively solved. The cleaning agent comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 20-35% of dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether; 20%-30% of D-limonene; 5%-15% of propylene carbonate; 8%-15% of alkyl glycoside; 3%-8% of isomeric tridecane alcohol ether; 0%-1% of monoethanolamine; 3%-8% of an alcohol conditioning agent, wherein the alcohol conditioning agent is isopropanol or ethanol; and the balance of deionized water. The cleaning agent can be used for cleaning PVC paste, cured resin, deposited carbon, grease and mixed oil sludge dirt attached to the surfaces of industrial equipment, mechanical parts, plastic molds, vehicle engines and the like. The cleaning agent has excellent heavy dirt cleaning capability, environmental protection and safety characteristics, material compatibility and use economy.

To provide a method for producing softened rubber in which, by contacting vulcanized rubber with a liquid containing limonene and water, the viscosity of the liquid used in the reaction is reduced and the cost of raw materials used in the reaction is lowered.SOLUTION: A method for producing softened rubber by contacting vulcanized rubber with a liquid containing limonene and water.SELECTED DRAWING: None

The invention discloses ethanol-free perfume based on low-volatility ionic liquid and a preparation method of the ethanol-free perfume, and belongs to the technical field of perfume. The ethanol-free perfume provided by the invention is prepared from the following components in parts by mass: 60 to 70 parts of ionic liquid, 8 to 12 parts of phenethyl alcohol acetoacetate, 12 to 17 parts of vetimol-citric acid mixed anhydride, 3 to 7 parts of microencapsulated limonene, 4 to 6 parts of a humectant and 0.2 to 0.7 part of an antioxidant. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, mixing the ionic liquid, the humectant and the antioxidant to obtain a carrier phase, then adding the phenethyl alcohol acetoacetate and the vetimol-citric acid mixed anhydride into the carrier phase, mixing, finally adding the microencapsulated limonene, mixing to form a suspension system, curing and filtering. According to the perfume provided by the invention, ethanol is replaced by choline-proline ionic liquid, so that the problems of dry skin, irritation and allergy caused by ethanol are avoided, and essence molecules are modified, so that the perfume has the performance of lasting fragrance.

The invention relates to a botanical insecticidal composition containing limonene and veratrine and application of the botanical insecticidal composition. The botanical insecticidal composition comprises limonene and veratrine in a mass ratio of 1: 1 or (7-9): (1-3). According to the botanical insecticidal and acaricidal composition provided by the invention, a synergistic interaction effect can be achieved after limonene and veratrine are mixed according to a specific mass ratio through a large number of experimental research screening, and under the same dosage, the botanical insecticidal and acaricidal composition has a better acaricidal effect, the use concentration of the compound insecticidal composition can be greatly reduced, the cost is lower, and the environmental pollution is smaller. The botanical insecticidal composition provided by the invention has a good control effect on tetranychus urticae of crops such as flowers and vegetables, and has important economic value and environmental protection value.